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971.
Two experiments evaluated history effects on induced and operant variability. College students typed three-digit sequences
on a computer keyboard. Sequence variability was induced (by no reinforcement or variation- independent reinforcement) or
reinforced (by variation- or repetition-dependent reinforcement). Conditions with induced and operant variability were presented
according to a reverse between-groups design. In Experiment 1, we examined transitions from the variation or repetition contingencies
to no reinforcement, and vice versa. In Experiment 2, the variation or repetition contingencies were followed or preceded
by variation-independent reinforcement. The results showed that (1) a history of no reinforcement impaired operant variability
learning; (2) induced variability levels were higher and lower after a history of reinforcement for variation and repetition,
respectively; (3) repetition was more easily disrupted by no reinforcement and independent reinforcement than was variation;
and (4) response variability and stability were a function of past and current reinforcement conditions. These results indicate
that reinforcement history influences both induced and operant variability levels. 相似文献
972.
A major challenge for learning theories is to illuminate how particular kinds of learning experiences and environments promote
the development of expertise. Research has been conducted into novice-expert differences in various domains, but few studies
have examined the processes involved in learners’ expertise development. In an attempt to understand the development of expertise
in instructional design (ID) among graduate students, this study aimed to investigate (1) the patterns of expertise development
among ID learners over an extended period; (2) the roles of expert modelling, peer feedback, self-reflection and participation
in a supportive learning community in learners’ expertise development; and (3) the interactions of individual differences
and the learning environment in learners’ expertise development. A qualitative design was used to investigate students’ expertise
development across a range of dimensions. The participants were two cohorts of 11 graduate students in a program on instructional
psychology and design. Data, including observations, interviews, design documents, metacognitive essays and peer feedback,
were collected for triangulation and in-depth analysis. The results showed that the two cohorts exhibited similar patterns
in their ID expertise development. These development processes were influenced by both self-processes and social influences.
Self-processes are determined by the perceptions, motivation and prior knowledge that students bring into the learning environment.
Social influences are characterised by a learning community that encourages peer interactions and feedback and is supported
by expert modelling and scaffolding. 相似文献
973.
Glenda Margaret Walsh Carol McGuinness Liz Sproule Karen Trew 《Early Years: An International Journal of Research and Development》2010,30(1):53-66
In the United Kingdom tensions have existed for many years between the pedagogical traditions of pre‐school, which tend to adopt developmentally oriented practices, and the more formal or subject‐oriented curriculum framework of primary school. These tensions have been particularly acute in the context of Northern Ireland, which has the earliest school starting age throughout Europe. In response to international research evidence and practice, a play‐based and developmentally appropriate curriculum, known as the Enriched Curriculum (EC), was introduced as a pilot in Year 1 and 2 classes in over 100 primary schools in Northern Ireland between 2000 and 2002 and continued until the Foundation Stage became statutory for all primary schools in 2007. This paper outlines four key lessons that have been learned from the first four years of the evaluation of this experience. These include the value and the meaning of a play‐based curriculum; the importance of teachers’ confidence and knowledge; teaching reading in a play‐based curriculum; and easing transitions in a play‐based curriculum. 相似文献
974.
Carol Iannone 《Academic Questions》2010,23(3):269-271
THE ISSUE AT A GLANCE
The Issue at a Glance 相似文献975.
The study reported here examined grade 2–4 children’s sensitivity to the consistency in the spelling of roots in related words.
We build on earlier research by attempting to quantify the extent that children’s spellings of both inflected and derived
forms accord with this principle. We contrasted children’s accuracy and consistency in spelling the root form (e.g., rock) with that of its spelling in related inflected and derived forms (e.g., rocks and rocky), as well as unrelated control forms (e.g., rocket). Across grades 2–4, children’s spellings accorded with the root consistency principle to the same extent for inflected and
derived forms. Nevertheless, it was not until grade 4 that spellings maximally reflected the principle. These results are
discussed in terms of how children’s spelling might come to reflect the root consistency principle that guides spelling in
English. 相似文献
976.
Thinking aloud together: A teacher’s semiotic mediation of a whole-class conversation about percents
How does classroom interaction support students’ apprenticeship into the ways of speaking, writing, and diagramming that constitute the practice of mathematics? We address this problem through an interpretative analysis of a whole-group conversation about alternative ways of solving a problem involving percent discounts that occurred in a sixth grade classroom. This research study draws upon Dewey’s theory of inquiry, Vygotsky’s cultural–historical psychology, Freudenthal’s realistic mathematics education, and Halliday’s systemic functional linguistics (SFL). From Freudenthal, we borrow the notions of mathematizing and guided reinvention—the former notion offers a view of mathematics as an activity of structuring subject matter and the latter one provides insights into the processes whereby mathematizing is learned and taught in the classroom. We glean from Dewey his view of reflective thinking as inquiry and the role that conversations may serve therein. We rely upon Vygotsky’s notions of a verbal thinking plane and a social phase of learning in order to reconsider the function of whole-class interaction in apprenticing students into mathematizing. Finally, SFL provides us with tools for explaining the choices of grammar and vocabulary students and teachers make as they realize meanings in whole-group conversations. Treating the selected whole-class conversation as a text, we focus our analysis on how this text came to mean what it did. Our central questions are as follows: What meanings were realized in the whole-class conversation by teacher and students and how were these meanings realized? How did the teacher’s lexico-grammatical choices guide the students’ choices? In addressing these questions, we advance an interpretation of the conversation as paradigmatic of students and teacher thinking aloud together about percents. 相似文献
977.
The 10‐year anniversary of the first democratic elections in South Africa in 2004 provoked much reflection and fuelled new policy debates on both the progress and failures of educational reform. While a myriad of achievements have been touted and are well‐known to international audiences, a swelling critique from inside South Africa shows that much work remains to be done. By glancing backward as a way to understand how to move forward, we review several important recently published books on post‐apartheid education policy to learn how policies were conceived, what went well and what went seriously wrong. In engaging this extended analysis we provide a glimpse into the unique set of circumstances and challenges faced by the South African government over the last 15 years (namely the tensions between equity and redress and global competitiveness), while offering a sustained critique of the resulting policy outcomes through a social justice lens. 相似文献
978.
Carol G. Brown 《Educational Psychology in Practice》2010,26(3):269-278
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of the Primary Movement programme on the fine motor skills of children in an early years setting in an area of high social disadvantage. Primary Movement is a programme which can be used as an early intervention technique to help children inhibit persistent primary reflexes that have been shown to adversely affect motor and cognitive development. Previous research has found that the programme can have significant effects in increasing the motor and academic attainments of children, aged 8–11 years. A repeated measures design was used to evaluate the impact of the Primary Movement intervention, in comparison to a control intervention, on the fine motor skills of 65 Reception children, aged four to five years. The results from this study provide evidence that the Primary Movement programme had a significant effect on improving the fine motor skills of the children. This research provides further evidence to support the use of the programme within the Early Years curriculum. 相似文献
979.
This paper investigates current research into the role of education in combating social injustice, assembles this research to indicate key features of a teacher education programme that would assist education for social justice, and links these features to one innovative university teacher education programme to ascertain some of the practical difficulties in establishing such a programme. The research indicated key approaches that would enhance the probability that graduates from teacher education programmes will be able to pursue social justice initiatives. 相似文献
980.
Rebecca Walker Rachel Spronken-Smith Carol Bond Fiona McDonald John Reynolds Anna McMartin 《Instructional Science》2010,38(6):707-722
This study aimed to use a learning inventory (the Approaches and Study Skills Inventory for Students, ASSIST) to measure the
impact of a curriculum change on students’ approaches to learning in two large courses in a health sciences first year programme.
The two new Human Body Systems (HUBS) courses were designed to encourage students to take a deep approach to learning. ASSIST
was completed by 599 students enrolled in a biology class in 2006 that was part of the old curriculum, and by 705 students
at the beginning and end of the new HUBS courses in 2007. Changes in students’ approaches to learning over time were examined.
The ASSIST scores for both HUBS courses reflected the dominance of a surface approach, followed by a strategic and then a
deep approach. However, by the end of the year, students were taking a deep and strategic approach to their studies to a greater
extent, and a surface approach to a lesser extent. Moreover, students enrolled in the new course adopted a deep approach to
their studies to a significantly greater degree than those studying the old curriculum. Despite the predominance of a surface
approach, the results suggest that it is possible to bring about small but significant positive changes in students’ learning
behaviour in a very large class through curriculum change. The proportion of students preferring a surface approach, and results
showing that high performance on the final exam was significantly correlated with a surface approach, probably reflected contextual
factors, including assessment, and is the focus of ongoing curriculum development. 相似文献