Preference for punishment of the instrumental or the consummatory response

In two discriminable runways, rats were punished (shocked) either prior to receiving water reinforcement (punishment of the instrumental response) or after ingesting the water (punishment of the consummatory response). Both forced-choice and free-choice trials were conducted. Results indicate that rats preferred to have the instrumental response punished. It was also observed that the subjects more frequently failed to traverse the runway in which the consummatory response was punished compared to the runway in which the instrumental response was punished. The results were interpreted as being consistent with predictions derived from net incentive theory.     

A Way of Thinking about Parent/Teacher Partnerships for Teachers Le partenariat parent/enseignant: Un autre point de vue Una forma de reflexionar sobre la asociacio´n Padre/Maestro para maestros

While the value of the home/school partnership is universally accepted, it is not always easy to promote or maintain. This paper focuses on the parent/teacher aspect since it is really the nucleus of the partnership. Unlike other kinds of relationships in people's lives, the parent/teacher pairing occurs by assignment rather than by choice. The common interest is the schooling of the child. Mutual trust and two-way communication are essential features of an effective parent/teacher partnership The degree of success teachers have in developing such a partnership with parents depends heavily not only on the 'fit' between parental cares and concerns and those of the teacher, but also on a variety of other factors. They include: the degree of match between a teacher's and a parent's culture and values; the societal forces at work on family and school; and how teachers and parents view their roles. The paper presents a review of literature related to parent/teacher partnerships; and proposes a theoretical approach that incorporates Bronfenbrenner's ecology, Getzels' social system, Katz's and Hoover and Dempsey's work on the role of parents, and Epstein's typology of parental involvement. This systemic approach, which frames the factors in an ecological and social system perspective, may enable teachers to visualize how complex and dynamic the parent/teacher partnership is, provide a framework to view events from more than one perspective, and help teachers monitor their responses to individual situations as they seek to work more effectively with diverse families. In order to test this assumption, the theoretical approach has been shared with students, teachers and directors, all of whom evaluated its usefulness. In this presentation the theoretical approach and the immediate and follow-up evaluations will be shared. Bien que l'on apprécie la valeur du partenariat foyer/école cela n'est pas toujours facile à promouvoir ou à soutenir. Cette discussion vise l'appariement parent/enseignant qui est àla base de cet accord. Contraire aux autres rapports personnels, celui-ci est une fonction de designation, pas de choix. Ce qui les unis, c'estla scolarisation de l'enfant. L'essentiel de cet appariement depend de la confiance mutuelle et de la communication ouverte entre les deux. L'apparente réussite de l'enseignant dans un tel accord dépend en grande partie non seulement de l'accord entre les intérêts du parent vis-à-vis ceux de l'enseignant mais aussi d'une variété d'autres forces telles que la concordance entre les valeurs culturelles du parent et de l'enseignant, les forces de la société imposées à la famille et à l'école, la façon dont chacun envisage son rôle. Cette discussion offre une revue des articles dédiés à ce sujet et ensuite elle propose une approche théorétique qui comprend le système écologique de Bronfenbrenner, le système social de Getzels, les études de Katz, Hoover et Dempsey sur le rôle des parents, et la topologie de l'engagement parental. Cette approche systématique qui vise tous les éléments d'une perspective écologique et sociale peut servir à aider l'enseignant à comprendre la complexité et le dynanisme de cet appariement parent/enseignant; il lui fournit un objectif lui permettant de visionner les événements d'un point de vue multiple; il l'aide à manier ses réactions à des situations divergeantes dans ses efforts à trouver un moyen plus efficace de travailler avec les familles diverses de ses élèves. A pesar de que la asociación casa/escuela está universalmente aceptada, no siempre es fácil de promocionar o mantener. Este trabajo se enfoca en el aspecto padre/ maestro ya que conforma el núcleo de esta asociación. A diferencia de otras relaciones personales, el emparejamiento padre/maestro ocurre más por necesidad que por propia elección. El común denominador es la escolarización del niño. Dos aspectos importantes para lograr una asociación efectiva Padre/Maestro son la confianza mutua y la comunicación en ambas direcciones. El nivel de éxito que los maestros tienen al desarrollar esta asociación con los padres depende enormemente no sólo de "el ajuste" entre las preocupaciones y prioridades de los padres y los maestros sino también en una variedad de otros factores. Entre ellos se pueden citar: el grado de concordancia entre los valores y la cultura del maestro y de los padres; el impacto de la sociedad en la familia y la escuela; y cómo los padres y los maestros consideran sus propios roles. Este trabajo presenta una revisión de los escrito en cuanto a las asociaciones padre/maestro, y propone una aproximación teórica que incorpora la ecología de Bronfenbrenner, el sistema social de Getzels, el rol de los padres en los trabajos de Katz y Hoover y Dempsey, y la tipología de la participación paternal de Epstein. Esta aproximación sistemática que encuadra los factores desde una perspectiva de sistema ecológico y social puede capacitar a los maestros para visualizar la complejidad y la dinámica de la asociación padre/maestro, proveerles de una estructura para examinar las circunstancias desde más de una perspectiva, y ayudarles a categorizar sus reacciones frente a circunstancias individuales al tiempo que buscan trabajar de una manera más efectiva con familias diversas.     

Reference librarians' perceptions of the issues they face as academic health information professionals.

Background: Leaders in the profession encourage academic health sciences librarians to assume new roles as part of the growth process for remaining vital professionals. Have librarians embraced these new roles?Objectives: This research sought to examine from the reference librarians'' viewpoints how their roles have changed over the past ten years and what the challenges these changes present as viewed by both the librarians and library directors.Method: A series of eight focus groups was conducted with reference librarians from private and public academic health sciences libraries. Directors of these libraries were interviewed separately.Results: Reference librarians'' activities have largely confirmed the role changes anticipated by their leaders. They are teaching more, engaging in outreach through liaison initiatives, and designing Web pages, in addition to providing traditional reference duties. Librarians offer insights into unanticipated issues encountered in each of these areas and offer some creative solutions. Directors discuss the issues from their unique perspective.Conclusion: Librarians have identified areas for focusing efforts in lifelong learning. Adult learning theory, specialized databases and resources needed by researchers, ever-evolving technology, and promotion and evaluation of the library are areas needing attention. Implications for library education and continuing professional development are presented.