The components of the female athlete triad do not identify all physically active females at risk

The purpose of the present study was to assess the effectiveness of the triad components (amenorrhoea, disordered eating, and osteoporosis) in identifying physically active women at risk of long-term health problems. Eighty-two females (mean age 31.1 years, s = 6.7; body mass 58.4 kg, s = 6.6; stature 1.65 m, s = 0.06) completed training, menstrual, and dietary questionnaires. Bone mineral density and size-adjusted bone mineral density were assessed at the femoral neck and lumbar spine using dual energy X-ray absorptiometry. Seventy-eight percent of participants were eumenorrhoeic, 20% were oligomenorrhoeic, and 2% were amenorrhoeic. Thirty-six percent and 55% reported disordered eating practices in the present and past respectively. Eighty-one percent, 17%, and 2% were classified as normal, osteopaenic, and osteoporotic at the femoral neck respectively; 92% were normal, 7% osteopaenic, and 1% osteoporotic at the lumbar spine. No significant differences in femoral neck size-adjusted bone mineral density were observed between eumenorrhoeic and oligo/amenorrhoeic participants (F(2,80) = 0.119, P = 0.73); eumenorrhoeic participants had significantly greater lumbar spine size-adjusted bone mineral density (F(2,80) = 9.79, P = 0.003). Disordered eating participants had significantly lower femoral neck size-adjusted bone mineral density than those reporting no disordered eating (F(2,80) = 13.816, P = 0.000). Twenty-two percent of participants fulfilled triad criteria, while 55% were "at risk" of long-term health problems. An accumulation of conditions resulted in lower lumbar spine size-adjusted bone mineral density (F(1,80) = 6.074, P = 0.004). The current triad components do not identify all women "at risk" and more appropriate criteria such as exercise-related menstrual alterations, disordered eating, and osteopaenia are suggested.     

Perceptual-cognitive expertise in sport: a meta-analysis

Research focusing on perceptual-cognitive skill in sport is abundant. However, the existing qualitative syntheses of this research lack the quantitative detail necessary to determine the magnitude of differences between groups of varying levels of skills, thereby limiting the theoretical and practical contribution of this body of literature. We present a meta-analytic review focusing on perceptual-cognitive skill in sport (N = 42 studies, 388 effect sizes) with the primary aim of quantifying expertise differences. Effects were calculated for a variety of dependent measures (i.e., response accuracy, response time, number of visual fixations, visual fixation duration, and quiet eye period) using point-biserial correlation. Results indicated that experts are better than nonexperts in picking up perceptual cues, as revealed by measures of response accuracy and response time. Systematic differences in visual search behaviors were also observed, with experts using fewer fixations of longer duration, including prolonged quiet eye periods, compared with non-experts. Several factors (e.g., sport type, research paradigm employed, and stimulus presentation modality) significantly moderated the relationship between level of expertise and perceptual-cognitive skill. Practical and theoretical implications are presented and suggestions for empirical work are provided.     

基于一种映射计算模型的应用纲要编码方式

OCLC的自动元数据映射服务(Godby, Smith and Childress, 2008)一文规范了“映射”的概念。如Gill等所定义的,隐藏起具体的技术细节,而以语义元素的对等关系作为中心内容。这样做可以让元数据专家(他们通常并不是程序员)负责建立映射所需的逻辑关系电子表格,程序据此自动将其转换成可执行的代码。论述DC-Term(限定版DC)应用纲要与MARC映射的管理及实现方法。对应用纲要进行编码时,映射方案需要在对照表的基础上增加两项内容：一是标注元素所属的命名域,二是标注“上位元素”和“下位元素”的关系,例如DC的Coverage（范围）元素和Spatial（空间）元素就存在这种关系。这些信息可以供“OCLC语义对等描述语言（Semantic Equivalence Expression Language,SEEL）”生成脚本文件,用于“元数据自动映射Web服务”进行“生产级”的元数据翻译工作。由于这样只需要关注元素,元素可以混搭、匹配、增添和再定义,因此元数据“应用纲要”（Heery and Patel,2000）非常适合采用这个翻译模型,通过成对元素之间的映射,实现元数据方案的互操作。