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61.
Pigeons pecked on three keys, responses to one of which could be reinforced after 3 flashes of the houselight, to a second
key after 6, and to a third key after 12. The flashes were arranged according to variable-interval schedules. Response allocation
among the keys was a function of the number of flashes. When flashes were omitted, transitions occurred very late. Increasing
flash duration produced a leftward shift in the transitions along a number axis. Increasing reinforcement probability produced
a leftward shift, and decreasing reinforcement probability produced a rightward shift. Intermixing different flash rates within
sessions separated allocations: Faster flash rates shifted the functions sooner in real time, but later in terms of flash
count, and conversely for slower flash rates. A model of control by fading memories of number and time was proposed. 相似文献
62.
Designing Instructional Examples to Reduce Intrinsic Cognitive Load: Molar versus Modular Presentation of Solution Procedures 总被引:2,自引:1,他引:2
It is usually assumed that successful problemsolving in knowledge-rich domains depends onthe availability of abstract problem-typeschemas whose acquisition can be supported bypresenting students with worked examples.Conventionally designed worked examples oftenfocus on information that is related to themain components of problem-type schemas, namelyon information related to problem-categorymembership, structural task features, andcategory-specific solution procedures. However,studying these examples might be cognitivelydemanding because it requires learners tosimultaneously hold active a substantial amountof information in working memory. In ourresearch, we try to reduce intrinsic cognitiveload in example-based learning by shifting thelevel of presenting and explaining solutionprocedures from a `molar' view – that focuseson problem categories and their associatedoverall solution procedures – to a more`modular' view where complex solutions arebroken down into smaller meaningful solutionelements that can be conveyed separately. Wereview findings from five of our own studiesthat yield evidence for the fact thatprocessing modular examples is associated witha lower degree of intrinsic cognitive load andthus, improves learning. 相似文献
63.
Richard Pring 《Asia Pacific Journal of Education》1996,16(2):7-19
Teachers, unlike their counterparts in other professions such as doctors and lawyers, lack professional control over their profession. This paper examines how this has come about in the United Kingdom by identifying the problems in seeing teaching as a profession and explains why the professional development of teachers should be a central concern of universities. Many parallels can be drawn with problems highlighted in this paper and those encountered elsewhere. 相似文献
64.
Richard K. Olson 《Reading and writing》2007,20(1-2):1-11
This introduction to the special issue on Genes, Environment, and Reading presents an overview of the background for behavior-
and molecular-genetic research on dyslexia and individual differences across the normal range. The general methods, questions
addressed, and selected results are summarized for each of the papers in the order of their presentation in the special issue.
Concluding comments reflect on the influence of environmental range on estimates of genetic and environmental influences,
and the future of behavior- and molecular-genetic research on reading. 相似文献
65.
Neil B. Marks and Richard T. O'Connell 《Decision Sciences Journal of Innovative Education》2003,1(2):259-272
In this paper, a method for analyzing data from student evaluations of teaching is presented. The first step of the process requires development of a regression model for teacher's summary rating as a function of student's expected grade. Then, two‐sigma control charts for individual evaluation scores (section averages) and residuals from the regression model are used to identify both excellent and poor outcomes. The performance of an individual whose scores are out of control on both charts cannot be explained by expected grade and therefore is worthy of note. 相似文献
66.
Peer evaluation: A case study 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Peer evaluation is the process whereby students critique the performances of other students. A peer evaluation format emphasizes skills, encourages involvement, focuses on learning, establishes a reference, promotes excellence, provides increased feedback, fosters attendance, and teaches responsibility. The process of peer evaluation is explained, the criteria are specified, the training for use is described, and how standards are maintained is explained. Finally, objections are suggested and addressed. Peer evaluation is a unique, controlled, and precise form of classroom evaluation that involves carefully constructed evaluation instruments, structured classroom situations, and exact evaluative assessments. Peer evaluation is a new and different form of evaluation. 相似文献
67.
We reanalyzed data from published studies (Harp & Mayer, 1997, 1998; Mayer & Moreno, 1998, Mayer et al., 1995, 1996) in which college students learned about the formation of lightning, and were then given open-ended problem-solving question. When asked, “What could you do to decrease the intensity of lightning?,” females were approximately eight times more likely than males to refuse to answer on the grounds that nature cannot be altered. The pattern persisted across four data sets involving 810 participants. The results have practical implications for the design of alternative assessment instruments involving open-ended questions and theoretical implications for gender-based differences in verbal communication styles. 相似文献
68.
69.
An experimental interdisciplinary freshman course called The Systems Approach to the Universe was taught at North Carolina State University in the Spring of 1986. The goals of the course were to introduce principles of general systems theory; to provide examples through lectures and readings of applications of these principles in a wide variety of fields and disciplines; and to introduce and provide practice in critical questioning and evaluation. This paper outlines what was done, how it worked, and how the instructors and the students assessed the experience afterwards.He received his B.Ch.E. from the City College of New York, and his Ph.D. in chemical engineering from Princeton University. Barbara A. Soloman is Coordinator of Advising for the Academic Skills Program and Lecturer in the University Studies Program at North Carolina State University. She received her B.S. in mathematics from the City College of New York and her M.S. in mathematics from North Carolina State University. 相似文献
70.
Richard Sawyer 《Journal of Educational Measurement》1996,33(3):271-290
Most American postsecondary institutions have course placement systems for their first-year students. Placement systems typically consist of an assessment component (to estimate students' probability of success in standard first-year courses) and an instructional component (in which academically underprepared students are taught the skills and knowledge they need to succeed in the standard courses). Validity issues related to these functions are discussed in the context of decision theory, and methods are proposed for determining appropriate cutoff scores on placement tests. 相似文献