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181.
Background:Research on achievement goal orientations in sport has typically relied on the use of variable-centered approaches that tend to overlook population heterogeneity.In this study,we used a person-centered approach to identify subgroups of competitive tennis players according to unique combinations of achievement goal orientations and tested for subgroup differences in motivation and mental toughness.Methods:A sample of 323 competitive tennis athletes(69.35%male)between 15 and 25 years of age(17.60±2.40 years,mean±SD)completed the 3×2 Achievement Goal Questionnaire for Sport,Sport Motivation Scale Ⅱ,and Mental Toughness Index.Latent profile analysis was used to identify unique combinations of achievement goal orientations.Comparisons between latent subgroups on autonomous motivation,controlled motivation,and mental toughness were performed using analysis of variance.Results:Latent profile analysis supported 3 distinct patterns of achievement goal profiles that were primarily distinguishable based on valence of competence(i.e.,approach vs.avoidance).Analyses of variance indicated that athletes who were classified into subgroups that endorsed approach types of goals(regardless of the types of avoidance goals they endorsed)reported higher levels of autonomous motivation and mental toughness.Conclusion:Results indicated that athletes tend to pursue a number of achievement goals collectively rather than in isolation.Although approach goals are more commonly linked to adaptive psychological functioning and positive outcomes,avoidance goals may also be associated with desirable psychological characteristics if they are pursued in conjunction with approach types of achievement goals. 相似文献
182.
Funding agencies in Canada are attempting to break down the organizational boundaries between disciplines to promote interdisciplinary
research and foster the integration of the social sciences into the health research field. This paper explores the extent
to which biomedical and clinician scientists’ perceptions of social science research operate as a cultural boundary to the
inclusion of social scientists into this field. Results indicated that cultural boundaries may impede social scientists’ entry
into the health research field through three modalities: (1) biomedical and clinician scientists’ unfavourable and ambivalent
posture towards social science research; (2) their opposition to a resource increase for the social sciences; and (3) clinician
scientists procedural assessment criteria for social science. The paper also discusses the merits and limitations of Tom Gieryn’s
concept of boundary-work for studying social dynamics within the field of science.
相似文献
Brian D. HodgesEmail: |
183.
Rethinking Polanyi’s Concept of Tacit Knowledge: From Personal Knowing to Imagined Institutions 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Half a century after Michael Polanyi conceptualised ‘the tacit component’ in personal knowing, management studies has reinvented
‘tacit knowledge’—albeit in ways that squander the advantages of Polanyi’s insights and ignore his faith in ‘spiritual reality’.
While tacit knowing challenged the absurdities of sheer objectivity, expressed in a ‘perfect language’, it fused rational knowing, based on personal experience, with mystical speculation about an un-experienced ‘external reality’. Faith alone saved Polanyi’s model from solipsism. But Ernst von Glasersfeld’s
radical constructivism provides scope to rethink personal tacit knowing with regard to ‘other people’ and the intersubjectively
viable construction of ‘experiential reality’. By separating tacit knowing from Polanyi’s metaphysical realism and drawing
on Benedict Anderson’s concept of ‘imagined communities’, it is possible to conceptualise ‘imagined institutions’ as the tacit
dimension of power that shapes human interaction. Whereas Douglass North claimed institutions could be reduced to rules, imagined
institutions are known in ways we cannot tell. 相似文献
184.
This article investigates the effect of a Tony nomination or win on the demand facing a Broadway production using a panel
of weekly revenues for Broadway productions from 1996 to 2007. Our results indicate that the effect of a nomination or win
is positive in the week of the announcement and gradually increases in successive weeks, presumably due to publicity and word-of-mouth.
Winners experience an increase in demand as late as 1 year later when awards are publicized for the following season. Moreover,
nominees that do not win the award are penalized heavily in the weeks following the Award announcements. We find that winning
a Tony Award increases a production’s revenues by 12% in the week immediately following the Awards.
相似文献
Lesley ChiouEmail: |
185.
Jordi McKenzie 《Journal of Cultural Economics》2009,33(4):279-299
This study considers a frailty duration approach to modelling the life-length of a sample of 360 films that went into wide
release at the Australian box office from 1 January 2000 to 31 December 2005. The analysis extends previous research by
considering a range of film-specific covariates relating to distribution, production, consumer signals, and weekly performance.
In particular, it is shown that film success (defined in a duration context) responds to previewing, advertising, critical
reviews, and US box office—but not to production budget, star power or opening-week screens. The study also reveals that it
is appropriate to account for unobservable heterogeneity between films in the choice of empirical methodology. 相似文献
186.
Nathaniel Logar 《Minerva》2009,47(4):345-366
How does the research performed by a government mission agency contribute to useable technologies for its constituents? Is it possible to incorporate science policy mechanisms for increasing benefits to users in the decision process? The United States National Institute of Standards &; Technology (NIST) promises research directed towards industrial application. This paper considers the processes that produce science and technology at NIST. The institute’s policies for science provide robust examples for how effective science policies can contribute to the emergence of useful technologies. To progress towards technologies that can be years away, the agency uses several means for integrating the needs of eventual information users into the prioritization process. To accomplish this, NIST units, such as the Materials Science and Engineering Laboratory, incorporate mechanisms for considering user need and project impact into different stages of its scientific decision processes. This, and other specific strategies that the agency utilizes for connecting the supply of science to information demand, provide lessons for generating useable science. 相似文献
187.
Probability density function (PDF) method is proposed for analysing the structure of the reconstructed attractor in computing the correlation dimensions of RR intervals of ten normal old men. PDF contains important information about the spatial distribution of the phase points in the reconstructed attractor. To the best of our knowledge, it is the first time that the PDF method is put forward for the analysis of the reconstructed attractor structure. Numerical simulations demonstrate that the cardiac systems of healthy old men are about 6 - 6.5 dimensional complex dynamical systems. It is found that PDF is not symmetrically distributed when time delay is small, while PDF satisfies Gaussian distribution when time delay is big enough. A cluster effect mechanism is presented to explain this phenomenon. By studying the shape of PDFs, that the roles played by time delay are more important than embedding dimension in the reconstruction is clearly indicated. Results have demonstrated that the PDF method represents a promising numerical approach for the observation of the reconstructed attractor structure and may provide more information and new diagnostic potential of the analyzed cardiac system. 相似文献
188.
This paper addresses the developmental nature of sexually abusive behaviors as they apply to juvenile male sexual offenders. Socialization and sexual victimization are discussed. Three case histories elucidate and support the discussion of the development of victim offending. Significant treatment issues of juvenile male sexual offenders center around the sexual assault cycle which provides a framework for sexual offenders to conceptualize and understand the cognitive, behavioral, psychological, and situational factors which have resulted in their offense(s). Although sexual offenders and sexual offenses are each unique, the sexual assault cycle offers a means of addressing essential commonalities in the treatment of juvenile sexual offenders. Sexual offender specific treatment is viewed as essential for decreasing the risk of further sexual offenses, and thus decreasing the incidence of sexual victimization. 相似文献
189.
Slava Kalyuga 《Educational Psychology Review》2007,19(4):509-539
The interactions between levels of learner prior knowledge and effectiveness of different instructional techniques and procedures
have been intensively investigated within a cognitive load framework since mid-90s. This line of research has become known
as the expertise reversal effect. Apart from their cognitive load theory-based prediction and explanation, patterns of empirical
findings on the effect fit well those in studies of Aptitude Treatment Interactions (ATI) that were originally initiated in
mid-60s. This paper reviews recent empirical findings associated with the expertise reversal effect, their interpretation
within cognitive load theory, relations to ATI studies, implications for the design of learner-tailored instructional systems,
and some recent experimental attempts of implementing these findings into realistic adaptive learning environments. 相似文献
190.
Theatre experts generally agree that the Flemish theatre has flourished artistically over the period 1980–2000. Attendance,
on the other hand, has declined significantly. Following Lancaster’s characteristics approach, we identify several output
characteristics of individual theatre productions. Using a panel of 59 Flemish theatres, we examine the impact on demand of
both these output characteristics and of traditional determinants such as own price, income and the price of substitutes.
Differences in the relevant geographical market for touring and non-touring theatres are considered. We find that the nature
of the artistic output affects demand. Theatregoers prefer large productions (in terms of cast size), plays by Dutch-speaking
playwrights and revivals of old productions. Own price and consumer income have the expected negative and positive effects
on attendance. Observed trends toward a decreasing proportion of new plays, an increasing presence of plays by Dutch-speaking
playwrights, and increasing consumer income had a stimulating effect on attendance. These trends have been offset, however,
by trends toward smaller cast sizes and higher ticket prices as well as by unobserved factors captured by time dummies. The
net result has been a considerable drop in attendance.
相似文献
Kristien WerckEmail: |