Inclusive practice within the lived cultures of school communities: research case studies in teaching,learning and inclusion

This paper provides an account of a teacher's use of theory as a tool to develop inclusive practice through a social studies programme in a new entrant class. The account illustrates the ways in which the teacher drew on research to assist in the facilitation of an inclusive educational environment. Presented are research case studies the teacher encountered in an in-service teacher education programme, and the ‘social constructionist’ and ‘personal tragedy’ models that were used as theoretical tools to assist the teacher's planning and teaching practice. Mounted cameras, broadcast microphones and pre- and post-unit interviews with the teacher and students were used to explore the lived culture of the classroom, and the nature and effectiveness of the strategies the teacher used. An ‘interrupted narrative’ methodology engages the reader in the interplay between research and theory in the research case studies. Four major strategies used by the teacher have been identified and these are presented as theoretical tools for other teachers and teacher educators to use, critique and develop to support inclusive practice in their own contexts.     

Long-Term Mentors’ Perceptions of Building Mentoring Relationships with At-Risk Youth

Youth mentoring, defined within this study, as the pairing of a youth at risk with a caring adult, is an intervention that is often used for youth at risk for academic and social failure. We sought to understand mentors’ perspectives of the fundamental elements that foster positive mentor–mentee relationships that build resiliency and increase social and academic success. Twelve participants with extensive experience in mentoring youth at high risk participated in structured interviews during two focus groups. Major themes revealed in data analysis included needs for supportive acceptance and consistency to help the mentees build social literacy and future visioning.     

The experience of receiving and then losing a scholarship: a tracer study of secondary school scholarship recipients in Uganda

This study reports findings of a tracer that investigated differences in the profile and subsequent experiences of scholarship recipients in Uganda who were able to complete the lower secondary school cycle (O level) without interruption (N = 174) and those that dropped out before completing their O-level cycle (N = 51), thereby losing their scholarship. Findings indicate that the scholarship programme had important positive impacts on all participants, even if they were unable to complete their O level. Moreover, scholarships had a multiplier effect; they had positive impacts on recipients' siblings, parents, and neighbours. When scholarship recipients did drop out, the most prevalent causes were poverty, pregnancy, and poor performance. However, even the modest amounts of education these dropouts received changed the course of their lives in positive ways.     

The relationship between self reports of college experiences and achievement test scores

This study evaluated the feasibility of using students' self reports of the academic development and college experiences as proxies and policy indicators for a national assessment of undergraduate education. Results indicated that self reports of academic development should be used with care as proxies for a national test. Particularly important are issues of content overlap and differences in the measurement methods. Results from the second part of this study supported using self reports of college experiences as policy indicators to improve undergraduate education.Paper presented at the annual forum of the Association for Institutional Research, New Orleans, May 1995.     

Teaching without a blackboard and chalk: conflicting attitudes towards using ICTs in higher education teaching and learning

This article, derived from a three-year ethnography of distributed medical education provision in a Canadian university, explores the ways in which information and communication technologies are used by teachers and students in their everyday work within technologically rich teaching environments. The environments being researched are two university campuses: a campus at the main university site and a satellite campus in a neighbouring province. The article seeks to contrast dominant, institutional discourses of technology use in higher education teaching with the everyday practices of staff and students. The article concludes that there is a gap between policy and practice in distributed education and that the teaching and learning experience and context of staff and students in different sites need to be analysed in depth, in terms of: whether the experience of learning across sites can be positioned as being comparable; the extent to which technology ameliorates learning and teaching; and understanding the work done by staff.     

Vocational Preferences and College Expectations: An Extension of Holland’s Principle of Self-Selection

Holland’s theory of vocational preferences provides a powerful framework for studying students’ college experiences. A basic proposition of Holland’s theory is that individuals actively seek out and select environments that are congruent with their personality types. Although studies consistently support the self-selection proposition, they have not examined the processes underlying students’ selections. It seems reasonable to presume that many students select academic majors because they believe or expect that the academic environments will be congruent with their personalities. Using data from 631 entering students, this research examined the possibility that self-selection is related to students’ college expectations. Results provided support for the role of expectations in the selection of academic majors.     

Does childhood victimization increase the risk of early death? A 25-year prospective study

BACKGROUND: Abuse and neglect have been shown to influence the mental and physical health of children; however, few studies have examined whether childhood victimization leads to an increased risk of early death. PURPOSE: This paper compares mortality data and examines cause of death for a sample of 908 abused and/or neglected individuals and 667 matched controls who were followed up into young adulthood. METHODS: Using data from a prospective cohort design study, a large group of children with substantiated cases of abuse (physical and sexual) and/or neglect approximately 25 years ago were matched with a control group of children and both groups were followed up into adulthood. The National Death Index was searched twice and official death certificates were collected for most individuals who had died. RESULTS: Surprisingly, there were no significant differences in rates of mortality for the two groups (abuse and neglect = 3.5%, controls = 3.0%). Furthermore, victims of child abuse and neglect were not more likely to experience a violent death. CONCLUSIONS: Our results do not provide support for a heightened rate of early death in abused and neglected children followed up into young adulthood. Limitations of the study are discussed as well as potential reasons for these unexpected findings.     

Educational expenditures and student engagement: When does money matter?

The few studies focusing on the relationships between higher education expenditures and student outcomes have produced contradictory results. This study hypothesized that the lack of consistent relationships is a function of the fact that the effects of expenditures on outcomes are mediated by student engagement. Furthermore, it is expected that the relationships between expenditures and outcomes are contingent on the characteristics of the students and institutions being studied. The present research examined the relationships between higher education expenditures and students’ engagement in educationally purposeful activities, after controlling for a variety of student and institutional characteristics. Using data from a nationally representative sample of colleges and universities, the findings indicated that the relationships between expenditures and student engagement are very complex. Relationships differed by institutional control, students’ year in school, and the type of engagement measure included in the analysis.     

DE-Sovietizing educational systems,learning from past policy and practice

All 21st century societies face the dilemma of reforming educational systems to meet changing social demands. In order to enable new beginnings to be made, this article examines the ending of reform efforts in the former Soviet Union immediately prior to the establishment of the Commonwealth of Independent States. Educational policy had followed a shifting course under changing Soviet leadership, much supposed reform consisting of little more than reworked statements of intent. In the second half of the 1980's, more serious attempts were made to raise enrollment of six-year olds, to upgrade instructional materials and teaching quality, and to redesign vocational education. Inadequate facilities and resources, lack of trained personnel, promotion on non-educational grounds, economic hardship and bureaucratic resistance hindered these reforms. As successor states to the Soviet Union — and others — face structural change, knowledge of why certain reforms were previously resisted will help future planning.

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Zusammenfassung Alle Gesellschaften des 21. Jahrhunderts stehen dem Dilemma einer Reform ihrer Bildungssysteme gegenüber, um den sich ändernden sozialen Anforderungen gerecht zu werden. Um neue Anfänge zu ermöglichen, untersucht dieser Artikel das Ende der Reformbemühungen in der früheren Sowjetunion kurz vor Errichtung der Gemeinschaft Unabhängiger Staaten. Die Bildungspolitik war großen Schwankungen unter wechselnder sowjetischer Führung ausgesetzt; viele Reformpläne bestanden aus wenig mehr als aufgearbeiteten Absichten. In der zweiten Hälfte der 80er Jahre wurden ernsthaftere Versuche unternommen, die Einschulungsquoten der Sechsjährigen zu erhöhen, das Unterrichtsmaterial und die Lehrqualität zu verbessern und die berufliche Bildung neu zu gestalten. Unzulängliche Einrichtungen und Ressourcen, ein Mangel an ausgebildetem Personal, Beförderungen nach nicht-pädagogischen Kriterien, wirtschaftliche Engpässe und bürokratischer Widerstand standen diesen Reformen entgegen. Da die Nachfolgestaaten der Sowjetunion — und andere Staaten — strukturellen Veränderungen entgegensehen, wird das Wissen um die Gründe für den vorangegangenen Widerstand gegen gewisse Reformen künftigen Planungen von Nutzen sein.

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Résumé Au siècle prochain, toutes nos sociétés devront faire face au dilemme posé par la réforme des systèmes d'éducation, afin de répondre à l'évolution des exigences sociales. Afin de permettre de nouveaux points de départ, cet article étudie la conclusion des efforts de réforme tentés par l'ancienne Union Soviétique immédiatement avant la création de la Communauté des Etats Indépendants. La politique éducative avait connu un cours changeant sous un gouvernement soviétique instable, de nombreuses réformes attendues se résumant plus ou moins à la modification de déclarations d'intention. Dans la seconde moitié des années 80, des tentatives plus sé rieuses ont été réalisées pour augmenter la scolarisation des enfants de six ans, actualiser le matériel scolaire et la qualité de l'enseignement, et pour remanier la formation professionnelle. Des installations et moyens insuffisants, le manque de personnel formé, l'avancement pour des raisons autres que professionnelles, les importantes difficultés économiques et la résistance bureaucratique ont mis un frein à ces réformes. Du fait que les Etats succédant à l'Union Soviétique — et à d'autres nations réformées — font face aux changements structurels, ils pourront programmer l'avenir, conscients des raisons pour lesquelles certaines réformes ont échoué par le passé.