Motivational predictors of prosocial and antisocial behaviour in football

This study examined (a) the main and interactive effects of goal orientations and perceived motivational climate on prosocial and antisocial behaviour, and (b) whether number of seasons one has played for the team interacts with motivational climate in predicting prosocial and antisocial behaviour in association football. Participants were 325 male association football players, whose age ranged from 12 to 17 years. Athletes completed questionnaires measuring frequency of prosocial and antisocial behaviours in football, goal orientation, motivational climate and social desirability, and indicated the number of seasons they had played for their current team. Regression analyses revealed that task orientation and mastery climate were positive predictors of prosocial behaviour, whereas ego orientation and performance climate were positive predictors of antisocial behaviour. In addition, task orientation negatively predicted antisocial behaviour, while ego orientation negatively predicted prosocial behaviour. No significant interactions between task and ego orientation and mastery and performance motivational climate were found. Finally, mastery climate negatively predicted antisocial behaviour for those who had played many seasons for the team. In conclusion, strengthening task orientation and mastery climate and weakening ego orientation may enhance prosocial behaviour. However, for antisocial conduct to be eliminated from the context of association football, ego orientation and performance climate need to be tempered, as these constructs exert unique independent effects on antisocial behaviour.     

Measurement of maximal muscle cross-sectional area of the elbow extensors and flexors in children, teenagers and adults

The aims of this study were to examine age and sex differences in elbow extensor and flexor anatomical muscle cross-sectional area (mCSA) measured by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and the location of maximal mCSA as a percentage of the distance from the distal to the proximal end of the humerus. Ninety-five individuals spread across the age groups 9 - 10 years, 16 - 17 years and ?21 years participated in the study. Muscle cross-sectional area derived from the manual MRI tracing proved to be highly reliable in terms of limits of agreement (-2.5 to 1.5 cm(2)) and the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC = 0.998). A sex-by-age group analysis of variance revealed significant effects (P < 0.01) of sex, group and a sex-by-group interaction, the latter reflecting a greater increase in males than females of upper arm mCSA from childhood to adulthood. Extensor mCSA was more proximal (55 +/- 6%) than that of the flexors (28 +/- 6%). A significant effect (P < 0.01) of group was found for location of maximal extensor mCSA, reflecting its more distal position with increasing age. Measurements of muscle size should be made at the individually determined position of maximal mCSA if interpreting data collected during growth and maturation, especially if the muscle group of interest is the elbow extensors and if different age groups are being monitored.     

博客(blog)的教学应用探索与实践

本文作者运用建构主义学习理论,分析博客(blog)这种社会性软件的教育教学应用价值,探索博客(Blog)在高校教育教学改革中的具体应用。促进学习方式和教学模式的改变。以期实现促进学习型组织的建立,教师交流的空间的建立,师生教与学的互动平台的建立,尝试在高校计算机课程教学中运用现代信息技术改革传统教学模式,快速提升我们的数字化生存能力。     

The presentation of gas properties in chemistry textbooks and as reported by science teachers

The presentation of gas properties in terms of the qualitative–quantitative mode and gas law sequence is examined by means of an analysis of 14 chemistry textbooks used in Australian secondary schools and of questionnaires on teaching approaches completed by 104 secondary science teachers. The findings indicate that current pedagogic practice involves minimal use of the qualitative relationships of the gas laws and moderate use of a simple-to-complex sequence. Given the conceptual complexity of the gas laws, the authors support a presentation approach with increased use of qualitative exercises and, in the initial stage at least, the use of a complex-to-simple model where the interrelationships among the gas laws are easier to establish.     

图书情报学校的新思路

本文是布德为新泽西州图书馆协会作的演讲。它从贮存和检索信息的新技术对图书情报工作和图书情报教育的影响,分析图书情报教育的情况、不足和出路,提出要进行重要的变革。     

试论中国人民广播事业六十年的历史经验

江泽民同志在2000年12月25日为中国人民广播事业暨中央人民广播电台创建60周年作了重要批示: “在中国人民广播事业暨中央人民广播电台创建60周年之际,我向全国广播战线的同志们致以亲切的问候！ 广播事业是党的新闻事业的重要组成部分。60年来,中央人民广播电台为宣传党的路线方针政策,弘扬中华民族精神,弘扬爱国主义、集体主义、社会     

社会转型期我国体育产业发展研究

阐述了社会转型的内涵及体育存在方式的转变,着重从经济学角度分析了社会转型期我国体育产业所具有的正外部性、高弹性、带动效应等特点,并根据这些特点提出相应的发展对策:实施补贴,将外部性的结果内部化,完善体育资源配置市场,实现梯度式发展,利用经济循环,合理加大投入,节约利用资源。     

对摔跤运动员启蒙训练的探讨

优秀的摔跤运动员必须经过启蒙训练。启蒙训练必须经过4个阶段：首先是选拔运动员。其次是培养运动员对本项目的兴趣和爱好。第三是进一步做到掌握运动员在运动中产生的情绪，引导运动员如何克制情绪反应。然后是进行“三从一大”的训练方法。     

乒乓球活动课程的实践与研究

采用文献法 ,调查法 ,教学实验法 ,对乒乓球活动课程的教学进行研究。认为乒乓球活动课程把知识的学习、技术的掌握、技能的形成与心理需求的满足、情感的体验相协调 ,对学生的身心健康及终身体育意识、兴趣的培养具有促进作用。