我国空间科学卫星任务国际合作管理实践与思考——以中国科学院空间科学战略性先导科技专项为例

国际合作是空间科学发展的客观需要,也是我国走近世界空间科学舞台中央的必由之路。中国科学院空间科学战略性先导科技专项(以下简称"空间科学先导专项")的空间科学卫星系列任务在全生命周期的创新发展链条上开展了全面、广泛、全方位、多层次的实质性国际合作,合作伙伴涉及欧洲空间局、欧洲主要航天国家,以及美国、俄罗斯、加拿大、澳大利亚、日本、新加坡等。空间科学先导专项通过建立双边战略研讨机制、共建国际研究机构,促进国际交流与合作,深化任务的国际论证,以及优选先进的科学探测仪器,确保科学目标的原创性和重大性。通过加强合作任务的工程管理和科学管理,实行"项目双首席科学家"和"载荷科学家"模式,促进重大成果产出。文章梳理了空间科学卫星系列任务的国际合作情况,重点阐述对不同层级国际合作的管理实践,对事关国际合作成败的常见问题进行思考并提出了对策建议,力求为后续国际合作任务管理提供重要参考。     

Olivine-norite rock detected by the lunar rover Yutu-2 likely crystallized from the SPA-impact melt pool

Chang’E-4 landed in the South Pole-Aitken (SPA) basin, providing a unique chance to probe the composition of the lunar interior. Its landing site is located on ejecta strips in Von Kármán crater that possibly originate from the neighboring Finsen crater. A surface rock and the lunar regolith at 10 sites along the rover Yutu-2 track were measured by the onboard Visible and Near-Infrared Imaging Spectrometer in the first three lunar days of mission operations. In situ spectra of the regolith have peak band positions at 1 and 2 μm, similar to the spectral data of Finsen ejecta from the Moon Mineralogy Mapper, which confirms that the regolith''s composition of the landing area is mostly similar to that of Finsen ejecta. The rock spectrum shows similar band peak positions, but stronger absorptions, suggesting relatively fresh exposure. The rock may consist of 38.1 ± 5.4% low-Ca pyroxene, 13.9 ± 5.1% olivine and 48.0 ± 3.1% plagioclase, referred to as olivine-norite. The plagioclase-abundant and olivine-poor modal composition of the rock is inconsistent with the origin of the mantle, but representative of the lunar lower crust. Alternatively, the rock crystallized from the impact-derived melt pool formed by the SPA-impact event via mixing the lunar crust and mantle materials. This scenario is consistent with fast-cooling thermal conditions of a shallow melt pool, indicated by the fine to medium-sized texture (<3 mm) of the rock and the SPA-impact melting model [Icarus 2012; 220: 730–43].     

Rapid phenotypic evolution with shallow genomic differentiation during early stages of high elevation adaptation in Eurasian Tree Sparrows

Known as the ‘third polar region’, the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau represents one of the harshest highland environments in the world and yet a number of organisms thrive there. Previous studies of birds, animals and humans have focused on well-differentiated populations in later stages of phenotypic divergence. The adaptive processes during the initial phase of highland adaptation remain poorly understood. We studied a human commensal, the Eurasian Tree Sparrow, which has followed human agriculture to the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Despite strong phenotypic differentiation at multiple levels, in particular in muscle-related phenotypes, highland and lowland populations show shallow genomic divergence and the colonization event occurred within the past few thousand years. In a one-month acclimation experiment investigating phenotypic plasticity, we exposed adult lowland tree sparrows to a hypoxic environment and did not observe muscle changes. Through population genetic analyses, we identified a signature of polygenic adaptation, whereby shifts in allele frequencies are spread across multiple loci, many of which are associated with muscle-related processes. Our results reveal a case of positive selection in which polygenic adaptation appears to drive rapid phenotypic evolution, shedding light on early stages of adaptive evolution to a novel environment.     

加强教学过程中的实践训练,提高教学质量

在教学过程中加强实践训练,由教师单向传授知识转变为教与学双向互动学习是培养学生综合素质的有效途径。文章通过对课堂教学方式的实践训练方法和传统教学方法改革思想的认识,对课堂教学改革与教育创新的关系进行论述,指出实践训练对提高教学质量的作用。     

论中国共产党长期执政的道德合理性

巩固中国共产党长期执政的道德基础,解决人心向背问题是关键。新时期中国共产党加强执政能力建设,巩固、扩大党的执政基础,必须从多方面奠定党长期执政的道德合理性基础,必须始终坚持走群众路线。只有全面贯彻马克思列宁主义、毛泽东思想、邓小平理论、“三个代表”重要思想和党的十六届四中、五中全会精神,真正做到“立党为公、执政为民”,不断增强党执政的道德合理性,才能切实提高党的执政能力。     

大基础平台下的多特性模块教学改革与实践

面对新世纪社会发展对大机械类人才的需要,昆明理工大学自1996年起,以“厚基础、多特性模块”为前提,把机械电子工程、机械制造工艺及设备、机械设计及制造、热加工工艺及设备等四个窄口径专业整合为“机械工程及自动化”大专业。坚持“方向多样性、动态适应性、师生互动性、国际兼容性”设置多特性模块,遵循三个融合、两个加强、一个突出的原则,三次修订培养方案和教学计划,进行课程体系及配套教材建设,构建了一整套新世纪大机械类人才培养模式。     

灯盏花的研究进展

综述了近几十年来有关灯盏花的化学成分、药理作用、配伍及化学成分的构效关系研究工作．     

近十年我国体操科研论文发表状况研究

文章采用文献资料法,统计法和分析法等研究方法,对1999-2008年我国中文体育类期刊公开发表22种体育期刊有关体操方面的808篇科研论文进行了归纳、分类、统计、分析。结果显示:研究内容多为学校教学、学科理论、训练竞赛等方面,有关体操基础理论、心理、运动损伤、选材、编排、美学、健身等方面的论文还比较少,为了准确把握体操科研方向,提高科研的质量,文章拟通过对近十年体操科研论文进行统计分析,研究目前这一领域的现状和存在的问题,并提出相关的建议。     

The romance and reality of policy‐making and implementation: a case study of the target‐oriented curriculum in Hong Kong

One of the major innovations in the recent wave of education reform in Hong Kong is the target‐oriented curriculum. An interesting feature of this new curriculum initiative was its amoebic characteristics – changing shape and focus in its course of development. It was reshaped from an assessment system for accountability purposes to a centrally developed curriculum initiative for improving teaching and learning, and finally to a school‐based curriculum development. In this paper, this course of development and the reasons behind it will be described and analysed. The study suggests that the two‐tier educational policy and implementation system in Hong Kong is a major cause leading to such a phenomenon. If this system were not improved, the possibility of achieving real changes at the school and classroom level would be low.