Individualized quasi instructional systems for the 70's

It is argued that fundamental changes in instructional planning, design, and implementation are required to make schools more responsive to the needs of individual learners. It is suggested that the desired changes are possible through the use of processes growing out of a four-stage teaching model operating on the total instructional climate of schools. The resulting instructional systems would make use of multidisciplinary teams of instructional agents drawing on and contributing to a growing scientific and technological base for instructional practice, and would lead to the development of a new field called instructional technology. Suggestions are outlines for changes in the roles of teachers, psychologists, and guidance personnel, as well as for the kind of technological support required for such instructional systems.

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Résumé Les auteurs soutiennent que des changements fondamentaux concernant instructionnellement la planification, les modèles, et la mise en oeuvre sont essentiels pour que les écoles répondent mieux aux besoins de chaque individu. En employant un modèle de l'enseignement qui a quatre phases et qui embrasse le milieu total de l'école, on pourra effectuer les changements desirés. Les systèmes d'instruction qui en résulteraient emploieraient des équipes multidisciplinaires d'agents instructionnels qui contribueraient à une base scientifique et technologique croissante pour la pratique instructionnelle. Une nouvelle matière-la technologie instructionnelle-en résultera. Les auteurs suggèrent des changements dans le rôle des professeurs, des psychologues, et des conseillers pédagogiques, aussi bien que dans le genre de soutien technologique sur lequel ces systèmes instructionnels dépendent.

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OISE     

Second-order sexual conditioning in male Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica)

Second-order conditioning of social approach to a female conspecific in male Japanese quail was investigated in four experiments. Subjects that received paired first- and second-order trials acquired second-order conditioning in both Experiments 1 and 2. In contrast, subjects that received paired first-order but unpaired second-order trials, and subjects that received unpaired first-order but paired second-order trials, did not acquire second-order conditioning. In Experiment 3, subjects for whom the first-order conditioned stimulus was presented in extinction showed second-order conditioning comparable to that shown by subjects in a control group that did not receive the extinction procedure. In Experiment 4, subjects approached a second-order stimulus less when sexually satiated than when sexually deprived. These findings suggest that second-order sexual conditioning in quail is mediated by an association of the second-order stimulus with a representation of the unconditioned stimulus.     

Kinematic analysis of shot-putting performed by wheelchair athletes of different medical classes

The aim of this study was to identify those kinematic characteristics that are most closely related to an athlete's medical classification and measured distance of a put. Two S-VHS camcorders (60 fields per second) were used to record the performance of 17 males of different classes. Each participant performed six trials and the best trial for each was selected for analysis. Three-dimensional kinematics of the shot and upper body segments at the instant of release and during the forward thrust (delivery) were determined. The average speeds and angles of the shot at release for different classes (5.3-7.8 m x s(-1) and 21.2 to 34.4 degrees, respectively) were smaller than those exhibited by elite male able-bodied throwers. The height of the shot at release, the angular speed of the upper arm at release, the range of motion of the shoulder girdle during the delivery, and the average angular speeds of the trunk, shoulder girdle and upper arm during the delivery, were all significantly correlated with both the classification and measured distance (P < 0.05). The results indicate the importance of achieving a high average angular speed for each upper body segment during the delivery.     

Feminist pedagogy and social change: the impact of the caribbean institute in gender and development

This paper examines the utility of a feminist pedagogical framework in establishing and organising the Caribbean Institute in Gender and Development (CIGAD), which is a biennial intensive gender and development training programme that has taken place in Barbados since 1993. To highlight the major impact that CIGAD has had in educating and empowering Caribbean men and women, the authors will first discuss the importance of feminist pedagogies in teaching, learning and activism in this programme by locating them within an intersectional postcolonial/transnational framework. Secondly, the authors consider the ways in which feminist pedagogy and praxis have been central in training women and men in the Caribbean region in gender analysis, helping them recognise the important role gender plays in development planning and policy as well as how it can be integrated into their work to improve their communities. Finally, through a feminist dialogic, participatory and experiential approach, the authors assess the impact that the CIGAD has had on participants, and community development training will be discussed based on the monitoring and evaluation of the exercise completed in 2014.     

Motor correlates of ADHD: contribution of reading disability and oppositional defiant disorder

This study investigated whether the likelihood of motor impairment in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) increases with the presence of other disorders, and whether the co-occurring diagnoses of reading disability (RD) and oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) account for the motor deficits seen in ADHD. A total of 291 children (218 boys, 73 girls) participated. Six groups of children were compared: ADHD only (n = 29); RD only (n = 63); ADHD and RD (n = 47); ADHD and ODD (n = 19); ADHD, RD, and ODD (n = 21); and typically developing control children (n = 112). Motor skills were assessed with the Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency and the Beery Test of Visual-Motor Integration. We found that the motor skills of the ADHD-only group did not differ from the typical control group. Furthermore, motor impairment in ADHD increased as a function of co-occurring disorders, and the presence of RD rather than ADHD predicted motor impairment.     

Liberal arts colleges and Standards for College Libraries: a quantitative analysis

Standards for College Libraries provide benchmarks for collection size and professional staffing. Formulas from the Standards were used to compare the recommended collection size and number of professional librarians with the actual size of the collections and the number of librarians for a random sample of Baccalaureate I and II colleges.     

AN INVESTIGATION OF GENDER AND OTHER VARIABLES ON TIME TO COMPLETION OF DOCTORAL DEGREES

A sample of factors presumed relevant to thetime required to complete doctoral degrees (TTC) wasexplored in a survey of 154 recent graduates of NaturalScience, Social Science, and Humanities doctoral programs at York University. In addition to thevariables of gender and discipline, characteristics ofthe supervisory relationship, as well as the graduate'sfinancial situation and enrollment status, were investigated. On average, respondents took5.94 years to complete their degrees with students inthe Natural Sciences the fastest completers. Althoughthere were no significant gender differences in TTC, male graduates were more satisfied withtheir doctoral education overall and the quality ofsupervision they received (from both their supervisorsand their supervisory committees) than were females. Males were also more likely to collaborate withtheir supervisors in the preparation of research papers.With respect to financial support, respondents who wereslower completers reported receiving more years of teaching assistantships. Additionally,respondents from the Natural Sciences reported receivingmore years of teaching assistantships and researchassistantships than respondents from the other disciplines. A multiple regression analysisrevealed that the following combination of variablesaccounted for 30% of the variance in TTC: beginning thedissertation research early in the program, remaining with the original topic and supervisor, meetingfrequently with supervisor, and collaborating withsupervisor on conference papers.     

进化论心理学：自然选择与人之本性

进化论心理学综合了达尔文的自然选择进化理论和当代心理学的研究方法,试图解释人类认知和情感适应功能的起源,并解释这些功能机制在现代人类社会中的作用。文章主要着眼于回答自然选择是如何创造条件,使有机生命体从环境挑战中生存下来的问题;澄清关于进化论的一些错误概念;以及探讨进化论如何能够帮助我们更好地理解人类行为。文章最后简要地阐述了科学界和政治界对现存一些进化论观念的思辨。