试述现代科学训练的主要特征

根据现代运动训练学科的发展趋势,从运动训练的过程、人员机构和外部联系3个主要方面对现代科学训练的特征进行论述.     

国外图书馆学情报学2001年研究进展(三)

本期介绍的是国外（英、美、日、俄）图书馆学情报学１５种专业期刊（英文１２种、日文２种、俄文１种）上（多数为２００１年５～６月间）发表的主要论文。探讨的主题涉及到藏书建设、电子与网络资源、数字（虚拟）参考服务、信息素质教育、信息检索、中文科学引文数据库、珍善本馆藏的数字化、因特网与图书馆的关系、版权法、信息技术的伦理问题、信息查询行为、知识管理、图书馆联合体、信息生态系统等等。１《大学与研究图书馆》（CollegeandResearchLibraries，双月刊）第３期共发表了６篇文章。其中“大学图书馆中的畅销书”考察了…     

The reliability of distance run tests for children in grades K-4.

The purpose of this study was to determine test-retest reliability for the 1-mile, 3/4-mile, and 1/2-mile distance run/alk tests for children in Grades K-4. Fifty-one intact physical education classes were randomly assigned to one of the three distance run conditions. A total of 1,229 (621 boys, 608 girls) completed the test-retests in the fall (October), with 1,050 of these students (543 boys, 507 girls) repeating the tests in the spring (May). Results indicated that the 1-mile run/walk distance, as recommended for young children in most national test batteries, has acceptable intraclass reliability (.83 less than R less than .90) for both boys and girls in Grades 3 and 4, has minimal (fall) to acceptable (spring) reliability for Grade 2 students (.70 less than R less than .83), but is not reliable for children in Grades K and 1 (.34 less than R less than .56). The 1/2 mile was the only distance meeting minimal reliability standards for boys and girls in Grades K and 1 (.73 less than R less than .82). Results also indicated that reliability estimates remained fairly stable across gender and age groups from the fall to spring testing periods, with the exception of the noticeably improved values for Grade 2 students on the 1-mile run/walk test. Criterion-referenced reliability (P, percent agreement) was also estimated relative to Physical Best and Fitnessgram run/walk standards. Reliability coefficients for all age group standards were acceptable to high (.70 less than P less than .95), except for Fitnessgram standards for 5-year-old girls on the 1-mile test for both fall and spring and for 6-year-old boys and girls on the 1-mile test administered in the spring.     

速度滑冰CAI课件的设计与制作

计算机辅助教学的兴起,使传统的教学方法和理念受到了强烈的冲击,结合体育教学的客观实际,以体育教学和教育技术理论与方法为指导,对速度滑冰CAI教学课件进行了研究,具体介绍了速度滑冰CAI课件的设计与制作的要求和方法.     

International Early Childhood Resources from Educational Research Abstracts (ERA)

The aim was to examine cross-cultural variation in linguistic responsiveness to young children in 10 English-speaking mother–child dyads and 10 Italian-speaking mother– child dyads. All 20 children were late talkers who possessed delays in expressive vocabulary development but age-appropriate cognitive and receptive language skills. Dyads were filmed in 15 minute free play contexts, which were transcribed and coded for measures of maternal linguistic input (e.g. rate, MLU, labels, expansions) and child language productivity (e.g. utterances, different words used). The results revealed that the Italian mothers used more utterances, spoke more quickly and used a more diverse vocabulary than the Canadian mothers. The Italian children mirrored their mothers and also used more utterances and a more diverse vocabulary than the Canadian children. Mothers in both groups used similar percentages of responsive labels and expansions. However, Italian mothers responded to fewer of their children's vocalisations, using a smaller percentage of imitations and interpretations than the Canadian mothers. Correlations between maternal input and children's language productivity revealed that contingent language measures (e.g. imitations, interpretations, expansions) were related to high levels of productivity in children in both cultural groups. The results support the use of language interventions based on increasing maternal responsiveness for these children at the one-word stage of language development. They also point to differences that may be culturally based. For example, Italian mothers use faster rates of interaction and appear to have higher expectations for their children's verbal participation in interaction. This is reflected in higher rates of language production from their children, even though children in both cultural groups have similar vocabulary sizes.     

赛艇运动的项目特性及训练指导思想

通过对赛艇运动项目决定成绩的因素,如供能系统、专项素质、生理特性的分析,确定了赛艇运动的特性及规律,并据此特性科学地提出了该项目的训练指导思想.