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991.
    
This study investigated the professional identity development of teacher candidates participating in an informal afterschool science internship in a formal science teacher preparation programme. We used a qualitative research methodology. Data were collected from the teacher candidates, their informal internship mentors, and the researchers. The data were analysed through an identity development theoretical framework, informed by participants’ mental models of science teaching and learning. We learned that the experience in an afterschool informal internship encouraged the teacher candidates to see themselves, and to be seen by others, as enacting key recommendations by science education standards documents, including exhibiting: positive attitudes, sensitivity to diversity, and increasing confidence in facilitating hands‐on science participation, inquiry, and collaborative work. Our study provided evidence that the infusion of an informal science education internship in a formal science teacher education programme influenced positively participants’ professional identity development as science teachers.  相似文献   
992.
This study investigated the relationship among 68 high school students’ scientific epistemological beliefs (SEBs), cognitive structures regarding nuclear power usage, and their informal reasoning regarding this issue. Moreover, the ability of students’ SEBs as well as their cognitive structures for predicting their informal reasoning regarding this issue was also examined. The participants’ SEBs were assessed with a quantitative instrument; their cognitive structures were assessed through tape‐recorded interviews and were further analyzed with the ‘flow map method’; their reasoning regarding nuclear power usage was assessed with an open‐ended questionnaire; and, then, their responses were analyzed both qualitatively and quantitatively. It was revealed that students’ beliefs about the justification of scientific knowledge (an aspect of the beliefs on the nature of knowing science) were significantly correlated with their reasoning quality; the extent and the richness of students’ cognitive structures as well as their usage of the information processing mode, ‘comparing,’ were positively correlated with their reasoning quality. A series of regression analyses further confirmed that students’ use of the information processing mode, ‘comparing,’ was the most significant factor for predicting reasoning quality, while their beliefs regarding the justification of scientific knowledge was the other important predictor.  相似文献   
993.
    
We present a new and innovative interface that allows the learner’s body to move freely in a multimodal learning environment. The Situated Multimedia Arts Learning Laboratory (SMALLab) uses 3D object tracking, real time graphics, and surround‐sound to enhance embodied learning. Our hypothesis is that optimal learning and retention occur when learning is embodied, multiple modalities are recruited, and learners are allowed to be highly collaborative. We present two geology studies in a high school setting. In the layer cake scenario, students learned more after three days of building and discussing depositional layers in SMALLab than would be expected from a simple retest effect. In the contour mapping scenario, students learned significantly more after creating and discussing maps in the SMALLab environment for three days, compared with a group that received three days of regular instruction with hands‐on projects. We contend that embodied, collaborative, virtual environments have much to offer STEM learners, and the learning gains transcend those that can be expected from more traditional classroom procedures.

SMALLab: Virtuelle Geologiestudien mit Hilfe der Ausdrack verliehenen Gelehrsamkeit mit Bewegong, Geräusch und graphischer Darstellung

Wir zeigen eine neue und innovative Schnittstelle, die dem Körper des Anfängers erlaubt, sich frei in einer multimodalen Lernumgebung zu bewegen. Das situierte Multimedia Kunst‐Lern‐Labor (SMALLab) benutzt 3D‐Objektverfolgungen, reale zeitgraphische Darstellungen und Rundum‐Klangkulissen, um das erzielte Lernergebnis zu verbessern. Unsere Hypothese ist, dass optimale Lern‐ und Merkergebnisse erzielt werden, wenn “zu lernen” Ausdruck verliehen wird, mehrfache Verfahrensweisen ausgewählt sind, und Lernenden erlaubt wird, hoch kooperativ zu sein. Wir legen zwei Geologiestudien in einer High‐School Einstellung vor. Im “Schichtkuchen”‐Szenario lernten Studenten in drei Tagen mehr depositionale Schichten in SMALLab zu bauen und zu erörtern, als von einer einfachen Nachtestwirkung erwartet werden würde. Im Konturangleichungsszenario, lernten Studenten bedeutend mehr nach dem Entwerfen und Erörtern an drei Tagen von Landkarten in der SMALLab Umgebung, verglich mit einer Gruppe, die drei Tage regelmäßig Anweisungen bei der praktischen Projektarbeit erhielt. Wir behaupten, dass kooperative, virtuelle Umgebungen viel dazu beitragen, STEM‐Lernern Lerngewinne anzubieten, und dass sie jene übersteigen, die von mehr traditionellen Klassenzimmerverfahren erwartet werden können.

SMALLab: étudier virtuellement la qéologie en passant par un apprentissage incorpe comportant le mouvement, le son et le graphisme

Nous présentons un nouvel interface innovant qui permet au corps de l’apprenant de se déplacer librement dans un environnement d’apprentissage multimodal. Le Laboratoire d’Apprentissage des Arts Multimedia en Situation (SMALL) utilise le repérage des objets en 3D, du graphisme en temps réel, et une sonorisation enveloppante, ceci pour renforcer l’apprentissage « incorporé ». Notre hypothèse, c’est que l’apprentissage et la rétention sont les meilleurs lorsque l’apprentissage est « incorporé », lorsqu’on fait appel à des modalités multiples et lorsqu’on permet aux apprenants d’être des collaborateurs actifs. Nous présentons deux études de géologie dans un contexte de lycée.Dans le scénario du gâteau fourré, les élèves ont appris davantage après trois jours de construction et de débats sur les couches de sédimentation au SMALLab que ce qu’on pourrait attendre d’un simple effet de contre essai. Dans le scénario de cartographie des courbes de niveau les élèves ont appris nettement plus après avoir crée et débattu pendant trois jours sur les cartes dans l’environnement du SMALLab si on les compare à un groupe qui a reçu trois jours de formation traditionnelle avec des réalisations concrètes. Nous soutenons que les environnements virtuels, collaboratifs, « incorporés » offrent beaucoup de possibilités aux apprenants de Science et de Technologie et que les gains cognitifs dépassent ceux que l’on peut attendre des protocoles de classe plus traditionnels.

SMALLab: como estudiar geología virtualmente a través de un apprendizaje “encarnado” incluyendo movimientos, sonido y grafismo

Aquí presentamos un nuevo interface innovador que permite al cuerpo del alumno moverse libremente dentro de un entorno de aprendizaje multi‐modal. El Laboratorio de Aprendizaje de Artes Multimedia en Situación (SMALLab) utiliza la localización de objetos 3D, el grafismo en tiempo real y un sonido envolvente para realzar el aprendizaje «encarnado». Nuestra hipótesis es que los mejores niveles de aprendizaje y retención aparecen cuando el aprendizaje está «encarnado», cuando muchas modalidades están involucradas y cuando los discentes tienen une fuerte capacidad de colaboración. Aquí presentamos dos estudios de geología dentro de un contexto de enseñanza media. En el escenario del «pastel relleno» los alumnos han aprendido más al final de tres días de construcción y debate sobre las capas sedimentarias que lo que se puede esperar de un efecto de segunda prueba. En el escenario de cartografía de curvas de nivel, los alumnos aprendieron mucho más después de tres días de creación y de debate sobre mapas en el entorno del SMALLab en comparación con un grupo que había recibido tres días de aulas regulares con proyectos prácticos. Sostenemos que los entornos virtuales «encarnados» y colaborativos pueden ofrecer mucho a los alumnos de Ciencias y Tecnologías y que los beneficios cognitivos superan lo que se puede esperar de prácticas más tradiconales en el aula.  相似文献   
994.
    
Adolescents with disabilities are at increased risk for school failure, and those in special education as the result of emotional disturbances consistently have the highest dropout rate of any disability. This paper discusses the importance of feelings of security in relationships for these adolescents and the results of a study designed to determine the effects of these feelings on their educational experience. The impact of several relationships in the home and school life on the school experience of the emotionally disturbed adolescent is explored. These relationships include those with mother, father, teachers, social workers/therapists and peers. All of these figures are potentially ‘secure bases’ for adolescents, providing the experience of emotional safety necessary to engage in the challenges of the academic environment. The resources need to be provided to enhance feelings of emotional safety in the school setting, including the services of social workers and other mental health professionals.  相似文献   
995.
In this article 2 major problems of using the three‐wave quasi simplex model to obtain reliability estimates are illustrated. The 1st problem is that the sampling variance of the reliability estimates can be very large, especially if the stability through time is low. The 2nd problem is that, for the reliability parameter to be identified, the model assumes a particular change process, namely a Markov process. We show that minor violations of this assumption can lead to a large bias in the reliability estimates. The problems are evaluated using both real and Monte Carlo data. A model with repeated measurements in 1 of the waves is also discussed.  相似文献   
996.
997.
Abstract

This study is focused on preservice early‐childhood teachers’ attributions about control and responsibility for negative caregiving outcomes. Prior research has linked low perceived control over failed outcomes with harsh care‐giving behavior. In this sample of 81 preservice teachers in a pre‐kindergarten, Associate‐degree program, bivariate correlations revealed associations between preservice teachers’ perceived control over caregiving outcomes, the parenting styles they experienced during childhood, and the complexity of their reasoning about children's development. When entered into regression analyses, low perceived control over negative caregiving outcomes was predicted by ratings of high parental permissiveness experienced as a child, as well as by categorical, rather than complex, conceptions of development. Implications of findings for university preparation of preservice teachers are discussed. © 2005 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.  相似文献   
998.
    
Abstract

On January 8, 2002, President G.W. Bush signed into law the No Child Left Behind Act (NCLBA) of 2001. The article which follows examines this legislation, data upon which it is based, and likely outcomes. Moreover, this discussion challenges early childhood teacher educators to work together more closely and more actively with a broad base of concerned professionals to make changes in this short‐sighted legal obstacle to research‐based, professionally‐defined, high quality, early childhood education.  相似文献   
999.
    
The relationship between conceptions of teaching and approaches to teaching was explored in a study of 18 secondary school art teachers in Hong Kong. Conceptions of teaching approaches were fitted to a four‐category model. Each of the categories was distinguished by reference to six relevant dimensions. As is the case in higher education, approaches to teaching lower forms, with little pressure from external examinations or school ethos, followed logically from conceptions of teaching. There was also evidence that contextual influences, if they were sufficiently strong, could play a part in teachers’ approaches to teaching in the lower forms. For senior forms, the most marked contextual influence on approaches to teaching came from the external examination syllabus. Of the 13 teachers who taught senior form students, eight reported using approaches to teaching that were significantly different from those they used for lower forms. The remaining four used essentially the same approach for junior and senior forms because these were consistent with the orientation of examinations that measure skill and knowledge acquisition. Finally, the data suggest that both the educational background of the teachers and the banding levels (designation of the school as high or low achieving) of the schools they were teaching in were related to the combined conceptions and approaches. The influence of banding levels could be due either to teachers choosing a type of school consistent with their beliefs or the environment of the school influencing teachers’ beliefs and practices.  相似文献   
1000.
    

This work begins with reflections on the conduit, and then presents the conduit metaphor as a philosophical and linguistic concept and as an educational idea. Research studies with two teachers and two principals over a sustained period of time are presented, and re-cast in terms of what each reveals about the qualities of the conduit. In the process, each educator's knowledge is featured in its own terms and each school situation is worked through in its own terms. The attributes of the conduit are then distilled through meta-level narrative analysis, and possibilities for the future are imagined.  相似文献   
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