Multicenter randomized comparative trial of Micromedex,Micromedex with Watson,or Google to answer drug information questions

Objective:The purpose of this study was to compare pharmacy students’ ability to correctly answer drug information questions using Micromedex with Watson, Micromedex without Watson, or Google.Methods:This multicenter randomized trial compared pharmacy student responses to drug information questions using Micromedex with Watson, Micromedex without Watson, or Google from January to March of 2020. First- to fourth-year pharmacy students at two institutions were included. The primary outcome was the number of correct answers. Secondary outcomes were the time taken to answer the questions and differences in number of correct answers by pharmacy student year and institution.Results:The analysis included 162 participants: 52 students in the Micromedex group, 51 students in the Watson group, and 59 students in the Google group. There was a significant difference among groups in the total number of questions answered correctly (p=0.02). Post-hoc analysis revealed that participants in the Micromedex group answered more questions correctly than those in the Google group (p=0.015). There were no significant differences between Micromedex and Watson groups (p=0.52) or between Watson and Google groups (p=0.22). There was also no difference in time to complete the questions among groups (p=0.72).Conclusion:Utilizing Google did not save students time and led to more incorrect answers. These findings suggest that health care educators and health sciences librarians should further reinforce training on the appropriate use of drug information resources.     

“I still go ask someone I enjoy talking to”: The use of digital and human sources by educational stage and context

How does educational stage affect the way people find information? In previous research using the Digital Visitors & Residents (V&R) framework for semi-structured interviews, context was a factor in how individuals behaved. This study of 145 online, open-ended surveys examines the impact that one's V&R educational stage has on the likelihood of attending to digital and human sources across four contexts. These contexts vary according to whether the search was professional or personal and successful or struggled. The impact of educational stage differs based on context. In some contexts, people at higher educational stages are more likely to attend to digital sources and less likely to attend to human sources. In other contexts, there is no statistically significant difference (p < 0.10) among educational stages. These findings provide support for previous V&R research, while also demonstrating that online surveys can be used to supplement and balance the data collected from semi-structured interviews.     

10. HISTORY

A. Reference works

AN HISTORICAL AND ANALYTICAL BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE LITERATURE OF CRYPTOLOGY by Joseph S. Galland (Evanston, IL: Northwestern University Graduate School “Northwestern University Studies in the Humanities Number Ten,”; 1945; reprinted by AMS Press, 1970; reprinted again by Aegean Park Press [Laguna Hills, CA], 1980—$26.80, paper, ISBN 0–89412–252–5, 209 pp.)

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF CRYPTOLOGY by David E. Newton (Santa Barbara, CA: ABC‐Clio, 1997—$65.00, ISBN 0–87436–772–7, 330 pp., photos, tables, bibliography, index)

SIGNALS INTELLIGENCE IN WORLD WAR II: A RESEARCH GUIDE compiled by Donal J. Sexton (Westport, CT: Greenwood, 1996—$69.50, ISBN 0–313–28304–4, 165 pp., bibliography, index)

DESCRIPTIVE DICTIONARY OF CRYPTOLOGIC TERMS by the U.S. Army Security Agency (Laguna Hills, CA: Aegean Park Press, 1980, 166 pp., ISBN 0–89412–266–5, bibliography)

CODES, CIPHERS &; OTHER CRYPTIC AND CLANDESTINE COMMUNICATION: MAKING AND BREAKING SECRET MESSAGES FROM HIEROGLYPHS TO THE INTERNET by Fred B. Wrixton (New York: Black Dog &; Leventhal, 1998—$17.98, ISBN 1–57912–040–7, 704 pp., diagrams, tables, appendix, glossary, bibliography, index)

B. Historical surveys

THE HISTORY OF CODES AND CIPHERS IN THE UNITED STATES: PRIOR TO WORLD WAR I edited by Wayne G. Barker (Laguna Hills, CA: Aegean Park Press “Cryptographic Series,”; 1978—$24.80, paper, ISBN 0–89412–026–3, 159 pp., notes, index)

THE MAN WHO BROKE PURPLE: THE LIFE OF COLONEL WILLIAM F. FRIEDMAN, WHO DECIPHERED THE JAPANESE CODE IN WORLD WAR II by Ronald Clark (Boston: Little, Brown, 1977, ISBN 0–316–14595–5, 271 pp., photos, index)

CRYPTOLOGY YESTERDAY, TODAY, AND TOMORROW edited by Cipher Deavours, et al. (Norwood, MA: Artech House “Artech House Communication and Electronic Defense Library,”; 1987, ISBN 0–89006–253–6, 519 pp., illustrations, notes)

CRYPTOLOGY: MACHINES, HISTORY &; METHODS edited by Cipher Deavours, et al. (Norwood, MA: Artech House, 1989, ISBN 0–89006–399–0, 508 pp., illustrations, notes)

SELECTIONS FROM CRYPTOLOGIA: HISTORY, PEOPLE, AND TECHNOLOGY edited by Cipher A. Deavours, et al. (Norwood, MA: Attech House “Artech House Telecommunications Library,”; 1998—$83–00, ISBN 0–89006–862–3, 552 pp., illustrations, notes)

WAR SECRETS IN THE ETHER by Wilhelm F. Flicke, edited by Sheila Carlisle (Laguna Park, CA: Aegean Park Press, 1977, two vols; 1994 [rev. ed.]—$26.80, paper, ISBN 0–89412–233–9, 234 pp., index)

THE FRIEDMAN LEGACY: A TRIBUTE TO WILLIAM AND ELIZEBETH FRIEDMAN. (Fort George G. Meade, MD: National Security Agency, Center for Cryptologie History, “Sources in Cryptologie History, Number 3,”; 1992, 282 pp., photos, diagrams, notes, index)

THE CODEBREAKERS: THE STORY OF SECRET WRITING by David Kahn (New York: Macmillan, 1967; London: Weidenfeld &; Nicolson, 1974 [abridged ed.]; New York: Scribner's 1996 [2nd ed.]—$60.00, ISBN 0–684–83130–9, 1, 181 pp., photos, notes, index)

KAHN ON CODES: SECRETS OF THE NEW CRYPTOLOGY by David Kahn (New York: Macmillan, 1983, ISBN 0–02–560640–9, 343 pp., notes, index)

MASKED DISPATCHES: CRYPTOGRAMS AND CRYPTOLOGY IN AMERICAN HISTORY, 1775–1900 by Ralph E. Weber (Fort George G. Meade, MD: National Security Agency, Center for Cryptologic History “United States Cryptologic History, Series 1, Pre‐World War I, Vol. 1,”; 1993, paper, OCLC 29961699, 235 pp., photos, diagrams, notes, bibliography)

THE SIGINT SECRETS: THE SIGNALS INTELLIGENCE WAR, 1900 TO TODAY: INCLUDING THE PERSECUTION OF GORDON WELCHMAN by Nigel West (New York: William Morrow, 1998, ISBN 0–688–07652–1, 347 pp., appendices, photos, notes, bibliography, index)

C. World War I

THE HISTORY OF CODES AND CIPHERS IN THE UNITED STATES: DURING WORLD WAR I edited by Wayne G. Barker (Laguna Hills, CA: Aegean Park Press “Cryptographic Series,”; 1979—$24.80, paper, ISBN 0–89412–031‐X, 263 pp., notes, index)

ROOM 40: BRITISH NAVAL INTELLIGENCE 1914–1918 by Patrick Beesly (New York: Harcourt, Brace, Jovanovich, 1982, ISBN 0–15–178634–8, 338 pp., photos, notes, appendix, index)

THE ZIMMERMANN TELEGRAM OF JANUARY 16, 1917 AND ITS CRYPTOGRAPHIC BACKGROUND by William F. Friedman and Charles J. Mendelsohn (Laguna Hills, CA: Aegean Park Press “Cryptographic Series,”; 1994— $12.80, paper, ISBN 0–89412–239–8, 58 pp., photo, notes, appendix, index)

THE CONTRIBUTION OF THE CRYPTOGRAPHIC BUREAUS IN THE WORLD WAR by Yves Gyldén (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1935; reprinted by Aegean Park Press “Cryptographic Series,”; 1978, ISBN 0–89412–027–1, 87 pp., notes)

THE CODE BREAKERS OF ROOM 40: THE STORY OF ADMIRAL SIR WILLIAM [sic] HALL, GENIUS OF BRITISH COUNTER‐INTELLIGENCE by Admiral Sir William James (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1956, OCLC 408707, 212 pp., photos, index)

THE ZIMMERMANN TELEGRAM by Barbara W. Tuchman (New York: Viking Press, 1958; Macmillan, 1966, OCLC 34683297, 244 pp., photos, notes, bibliography, index)

D. Between the wars

THE HISTORY OF CODES AND CIPHERS IN THE UNITED STATES: DURING THE PERIOD BETWEEN THE WORLD WARS edited by Wayne G. Barker (Laguna Hills, CA: Aegean Park Press “Cryptographic Series”) as follows:

PART 1: 1919–1929 (1979—$24.80, paper, ISBN 0–89412–039–5, 186 pp., notes, index)

PART 2: 1930–1939 (1978—$24.80, paper, ISBN 0–89412–165–0, 99 pp., photos, notes, index)

INFORMATION AND SECRECY: VANNEVAR BUSH, ULTRA AND THE OTHER MEMEX by Colin Burke (Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press, 1994—price not given, ISBN 0–8108–2783–2, 467 pp., photos, notes, index)

MACHINE CRYPTOGRAPHY AND MODERN CRYPTANALYSIS by Cipher A. Deavours and Louis Kruh (Norwood, MA: Artech “Artech House Telecommunications Library,”; 1985, ISBN 0–89006–161–0, 259 pp., illustrations, notes, index)

THE STORY OF MAGIC: MEMOIRS OF AN AMERICAN CRYPTOLOGIC PIONEER by Frank B. Rowlett (Laguna Hills, CA: Aegean Park Press, 1998— $32.80, ISBN 0–89412–273–8, 258 pp., photos)

THE AMERICAN BLACK CHAMBER by Herbert O. Yardley (Indianapolis: Bobbs Merrill, 1931, 375 pp.; London: Faber &; Faber, 265 pp.; reprinted by Ballantine Books “Ballantine Espionage/Intelligence Library,”; 1981, ISBN 0–3452–9867–5, 250 pp., photos)

E. World War II‐general

A HISTORY OF U.S. COMMUNICATIONS INTELLIGENCE DURING WORLD WAR II: POLICY AND ADMINISTRATION by Robert Louis Benson (Fort George B. Meade, MD: National Security Agency, Center for Cryptologic History “United States Cryptologic History, Series 4, World War II, Vol. 8,”; 1997, OCLC 40526841, 185 pp., photos, glossary, sources)

HITLER'S JAPANESE CONFIDANT: GENERAL OSHIMA HIROSHI AND MAGIC INTELLIGENCE, 1941–1945 by Carl Boyd (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1993, ISBN 0–7006–0569‐X, 271 pp., photos, tables, maps, notes, bibliography, index)

U.S. ARMY SIGNALS INTELLIGENCE IN WORLD WAR II: A DOCUMENTARY HISTORY edited by James L. Gilbert and John P. Finnegan (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office [Center of Military History, United States Army] “CMH Pub 70–43,”; 1993—$24.00, ISBN 0–16–037816–8, 237 pp., photos, appendices)

THE ULTRA‐MAGIC DEALS AND THE MOST SECRET RELATIONSHIP, 1940–1946 by Bradley F. Smith (Novato, CA: Presido, 1992—$12.95, paper, ISBN 0–891414–6, 276 pp., notes, bibliography, index)

F. World War II‐Europe

CODEBREAKING AND SIGNALS INTELLIGENCE edited by Christopher Andrew (London: Frank Cass, 1986, ISBN 0–7146–3299–6, 137 pp., notes, bibliographies)

ULTRA IN THE WEST: THE NORMANDY CAMPAIGN OF 1944–45 by Ralph Bennett (New York: Scribners, 1979, ISBN 0–684–16704–2, 336 pp., maps, figures, glossary, bibliography, notes, index).

ULTRA AND MEDITERRANEAN STRATEGY by Ralph Bennett (New York: William Morrow, 1989, ISBN 0–688–08175–4, 496 pp., maps, diagrams, notes, glossary, bibliography, index)

INTELLIGENCE INVESTIGATIONS: COLLECTED PAPERS OF RALPH BENNETT by Ralph Bennett (London: Frank Cass “Studies in Intelligence,”; 1996—price not given, ISBN 0–7146–4742‐X hard, 0–7146–4300–0 paper, 216 pp., notes, index)

TOP SECRET ULTRA by Peter Calvocoressi (New York: Pantheon, 1980, ISBN 0–394–51154–9, 132 pp., photos, appendices, index)

THE ENEMY IS LISTENING by Aileen Clayton (London: Hutchinson, 1980, ISBN 0–091–4234–6, 381 pp.; reprinted by Ballantine Books “Ballantine Espionage/Intelligence Library,”; 1982; photos, glossary, notes, bibliography, index)

THE ENGIMA WAR by Jóseph Garliński (New York: Scribner's, 1980—ISBN 0–684–15866–3, 219 pp., photos, maps, diagrams, notes, appendix, bibliography, index)

ENGIMA by Robert Harris (New York: Random House, 1995, ISBN 0–679–42887–9, 320 pp.)

CODEBREAKERS: THE INSIDE STORY OF BLETCHLEY PARK edited by F. H. Hinsley and Alan Stripp (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993—price not given, ISBN 0–19–820327–6, 321 pp., photos, diagrams, notes, appendices, index)

SEIZING THE ENIGMA: THE RACE TO BREAK THE GERMAN U‐BOAT CODES, 1939–1943 by David Kahn (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1991, ISBN 0–395–42739–8, 336 pp., photos, notes, bibliography, index)

ENIGMA: HOW THE GERMAN MACHINE CIPHER WAS BROKEN, AND HOW IT WAS READ BY THE ALLIES IN WORLD WAR TWO by Wladyslaw Kozaczuk, translated by Christopher Kasparek (London: Arms and Armour Press/Lanham, MD: University Publications of America “Foreign Intelligence Book Series,”; 1984, ISBN 0–89093–547–5, 348 pp., photos, diagrams, appendices, bibliography, index)

ULTRA GOES TO WAR: THE FIRST ACCOUNT OF WORLD WAR II'S GREATEST SECRET BASED ON OFFICIAL DOCUMENTS by Ronald Lewin (New York: McGraw‐Hill, 1978, ISBN 0–07–037453–8, 398 pp., notes, glossary, appendix, bibliography, index)

THE ULTRA AMERICANS: THE U.S. ROLE IN BREAKING THE NAZI CODES by Thomas Parrish (New York: Stein &; Day, 1986, ISBN 0–8128–3072–5, 338 pp., photos, notes, sources, index)

THE ENIGMA SYMPOSIUM edited by Hugh Skillen (published by the author, 56 St. Thomas Drive, Pinner, England HA5 4SS; as follows, photos, maps, diagrams, notes):

1992 (1992, reprinted 1997, paper, ISBN 0–9515190–34, 60 pp.)

1994 (1994, £8.50, paper, ISBN 0–9515190–50, about 100 pp.)

1995 (1995, £9.95, paper, ISBN 0–9515190–77, 164 pp.)

1997 (1997, £9.95, paper, ISBN 0–9515190–85, 194 pp.)

1998 (1998, £14.95, paper, ISBN 0–9515–330–01, 205 pp.)

THE SPIES OF THE AIRWAVES by Hugh Skillen (published by the author; address immediately above, 1989—£23.00, ISBN 0–9515190‐X, 550 pp., photos, maps, index)

STATION X: THE CODEBREAKERS OF BLETCHLEY PARK by Michael Smith (London: Channel 4 Books, 1998—£14.99, ISBN 0–7522–2189–2, 184 pp., photos, sources, index)

THE HUT SIX STORY: BREAKING THE ENIGMA CODES by Gordon Welchman (New York: McGraw‐Hill, 1982, ISBN 0–07–069180–0, 326 pp., diagrams, notes, bibliography, index)

THE ULTRA SECRET by F. W. Winterbotham (London: Weidenfeld &; Nicolson, 1974, ISBN 0–297–76832–8, 199 pp., index; numerous reprints)

ULTRA AT SEA: HOW BREAKING THE NAZI CODE AFFECTED ALLIED NAVAL STRATEGY DURING WORLD WAR II by John Winton (London: Leo Cooper; New York: Morrow, 1988, ISBN 0–688–08546–6, 207 pp., photos, glossary, index)

G. World War II‐pacific

MACARTHUR'S ULTRA: CODEBREAKING AND THE WAR AGAINST JAPAN, 1942–1945 by Edward J. Drea (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas “Modern War Studies,”; 1992, ISBN 0–7006–0504–5, 296 pp., photos, maps, tables, notes, bibliography, index)

THE BROKEN SEAL: “OPERATION MAGIC”; AND THE SECRET ROAD TO PEARL HARBOR by Ladislas Farago (New York: Random House, 1967, 439 pp., reference notes, index)

THE AMERICAN MAGIC: CODES, CIPHERS AND THE DEFEAT OF JAPAN by Ronald Lewin (New York: Farrar, Straus &; Giroux, 1982, ISBN 0–374–10417–4, 332 pp., photos, appendices, notes, sources, index)

A PRICELESS ADVANTAGE: U.S. NAVY COMMUNICATIONS INTELLIGENCE AND THE BATTLES OF CORAL SEA, MIDWAY, AND THE ALEUTIANS by Frederick D. Parker (Fort George G. Meade, MD: National Security Agency, Center for Cryptologic History, “United States Cryptologic History, Series IV, World War II, Volume 5,”; CH‐E32–93–01, 1993, 88 pp., photos, bibliography, notes)

PEARL HARBOR REVISITED: UNITED STATES NAVY COMMUNICATIONS INTELLIGENCE, 1924–1941 by Frederick D. Parker (Fort George G. Meade, MD: National Security Agency, Center for Cryptologie History, “United States Cryptologic History, Series IV, World War II, Volume 5,”; CH‐E32–94–01, 1994, photos, notes, appendices, bibliography)

COMBINED FLEET DECODED: THE SECRET HISTORY OF AMERICAN INTELLIGENCE AND THE JAPANESE NAVY IN WORLD WAR II by John Prados (New York: Random House, 1995—$37.50, ISBN 0–679–43701–0, 832 pp., photos, maps, notes, bibliography, index)

LISTENING TO THE ENEMY: KEY DOCUMENTS ON THE ROLE OF COMMUNICATIONS INTELLIGENCE IN THE WAR WITH JAPAN edited by Ronald H. Spector (Wilmington, DE: Scholarly Resources, 1988, ISBN 0–8420–2275–9, 285 pp., notes, tables)

CODEBREAKER IN THE FAR EAST by Alan Stripp (London: Frank Cass “Studies in Intelligence,”; 1989, ISBN 0–7146–3363–1, 204 pp., illustrations, notes, bibliography, index)

THE “MAGIC”; BACKGROUND OF PEARL HARBOR by the U.S. Department of Defense (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1978—5 vols published in 8, OCLC 5170297)

DEADLY MAGIC: A PERSONAL ACCOUNT OF COMMUNICATIONS INTELLIGENCE IN WORLD WAR II IN THE PACIFIC by Edward Van Der Rhoer (New York: Scribner's, 1979, ISBN 0–684–15873–6, 225 pp., photos, index)

ULTRA IN THE PACIFIC: HOW BREAKING JAPANESE CODES &; CYPHERS AFFECTED NAVAL OPERATIONS AGAINST JAPAN by John Winton (Annapolis: Naval Institute Press, 1993, ISBN 1–55750–856–9, 247 pp., maps, sources, index)

H. Postwar developments

THE PUZZLE PALACE: A REPORT ON AMERICA'S MOST SECRET AGENCY by James V. Bamford (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1982, ISBN 0–395–31286–8, 465 pp.; reprinted by Penguin Books with a new 50‐page afterword, 1983, 655 pp., appendix, notes, acronyms, index)

VENONA: SOVIET ESPIONAGE AND THE AMERICAN RESPONSE, 1939–1957 edited by Robert Louis Benson and Michael Warner (Washington, DC: National Security Agency and Central Intelligence Agency [National Technical Information Service], 1996—$50.00, paper, OCLC 35768954, 450 pp., acronyms, chronology, notes; reprinted by Aegean Park Press, 1997, 503 pp. adding an index and several brief NSA monographs on the subject)

VENONA: DECODING SOVIET ESPIONAGE IN AMERICA by John Earl Haynes and Harvey Klehr (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1999— $30.00, ISBN 0–300–07771–8, 487 pp., photos, appendices, notes, index)     

Corporate communications and the rise of the network society

In an integrated media environment where news networks seek synergistic opportunities for their parent companies, news content is increasingly susceptible to promotional influence. A comparative content analysis of new and traditional news spaces on U.S. cable television news networks Cable News Network, MSNBC, and Fox News Channel examined the video screen space and the news crawl, or “ticker,” space. Findings reveal that, proportionally, more promotional content occurs within the traditional video content space when compared to the ticker space. However, it was also shown that the ticker acts as a general branding agent for 2 of the 3 networks. Content dispersion also suggests a unique “content identity” for each news brand. The study found no evidence of “covert” promotion for synergistic gain—a positive result for news consumers.     

“News with an Accent”: Hispanic Television and the Re-negotiation of US Latino Speech

Using Bourdieu's concept of “linguistic capital” as an analytical concept, I examine the value of language as both a means of comprehension and a product that has currency in the television marketplace. Focusing on Fusion, an upstart cable network designed to engage Latinos civically and in English, I examine the ways in which television networks employ language as a device through which to create audiences. I argue that Fusion and other networks are attempting to re-constitute the Latino audience in ways that more closely align with the dominant culture, leading to forms of erasure that challenge the legitimacy of Spanish altogether. I further argue that in the process of pursuing the acculturated Latino, the network pivots away from those most isolated from civic discourses.     

Strategically aligning a mandala of competencies to advance a transformative vision

Objective:

This paper offers insight into the processes that have shaped the Eskind Biomedical Library''s (EBL''s) strategic direction and its alignment to the institution''s transformative vision.

Setting:

The academic biomedical library has a notable track record for developing and pioneering roles for information professionals focused on a sophisticated level of information provision that draws from and fuels practice evolutions.

Strategy:

The medical center''s overall transformative vision informs the creation of a fully aligned library strategic plan designed to effectively contribute to the execution of key organizational goals. Annual goals reflect organizational priorities and contain quantifiable and measurable deliverables. Two strategic themes, facilitating genetic literacy and preserving community history, are described in detail to illustrate the concept of goal setting.

Conclusion:

The strategic planning model reflects EBL''s adaptation to the ever-changing needs of its organization. The paper provides a characterization of a workable model that can be replicated by other institutions.     

Simplified prototyping of perfusable polystyrene microfluidics

Cell culture in microfluidic systems has primarily been conducted in devices comprised of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) or other elastomers. As polystyrene (PS) is the most characterized and commonly used substrate material for cell culture, microfluidic cell culture would ideally be conducted in PS-based microsystems that also enable tight control of perfusion and hydrodynamic conditions, which are especially important for culture of vascular cell types. Here, we report a simple method to prototype perfusable PS microfluidics for endothelial cell culture under flow that can be fabricated using standard lithography and wet laboratory equipment to enable stable perfusion at shear stresses up to 300 dyn/cm² and pumping pressures up to 26 kPa for at least 100 h. This technique can also be extended to fabricate perfusable hybrid PS-PDMS microfluidics of which one application is for increased efficiency of viral transduction in non-adherent suspension cells by leveraging the high surface area to volume ratio of microfluidics and adhesion molecules that are optimized for PS substrates. These biologically compatible microfluidic devices can be made more accessible to biological-based laboratories through the outsourcing of lithography to various available microfluidic foundries.