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181.
Three experiments investigated the reinstatement of fear to a previously conditioned and extinguished CS as a result of separate presentation of the original US. That reinstatement was found to be sharply attenuated by nonreinforcement of a second fear elicitor between presentations of the US and testing of the CS. This “erasure” of reinstatement depended upon the fear-eliciting power of the intervening stimulus and, under some circumstances, was essentially complete. Moreover, erasure reduced not only the response to the CS but also the extinction it underwent as a result of subsequent nonreinforcement. It is argued that neither the conditioning of background stimuli nor stimulus generalization among explicit CSs provides an adequate account of these reinstatement and erasure results. Rather, they are interpreted in terms of the construction and destruction of a nonassociative representation of the US during conditioning, extinction, reinstatement, and erasure. In that context, some inferences can be made about the rules governing these nonassociative changes and the ways in which they interact with modifications in associations. 相似文献
182.
Christopher P. Scholtz 《British Journal of Religious Education》2005,27(2):173-184
Computer games as an important part of youth culture can, from a certain perspective, be highly relevant for religious education. I will review the role of computer games, and then give a brief overview, suggesting a specific phenomenological approach for research on computer games and religious education. After presenting one example of such research I will explore the potential religious dimensions of computer games and raise the question of the possible consequences for religious education. 相似文献
183.
184.
Christopher?J.?McCarthyEmail author Richard?G.?Lambert Sally?Lineback Paul?Fitchett Priscila?G.?Baddouh 《Educational Psychology Review》2016,28(3):577-603
Stress research increasingly emphasizes the role of appraisal in determining which events are perceived as stressful. The Classroom Appraisal of Resources and Demands (CARD) was developed to measure teachers’ appraisals of their classroom demands and resources in order to assess their risk for experiencing occupational stress. The present purposes are to review the literature identifying appraisals as a key determinant of stress, to describe the development of the CARD, and to provide meta-analytic results from 18 studies comparing CARD scores to the following variables: teacher’s job satisfaction and occupational commitment, burnout symptoms, stress prevention resources, and challenging student demands. Results suggest moderate effects for associations between the CARD and these constructs, and implications for educational policy aimed at reducing turnover and increasing teacher and student welfare are discussed. 相似文献
185.
Christopher Day 《Journal of Educational Change》2008,9(3):243-260
This paper is based upon a unique mixed methods 4-year research project which focused upon the variations in teachers’ work,
lives, and effectiveness of 300 elementary and secondary school teachers in a range of 100 schools across seven regions of
England. Its findings challenge linear conceptions of teacher development and expertise and provide new understandings of
the effects of personal, school and broader policy contexts upon professional life phase trajectories and teachers’ emotional
identities. It finds connections between these and teachers’ commitment, resilience, and effectiveness. This paper discusses
these in relation to the school standards and teacher retention agendas.
相似文献
Christopher DayEmail: |
186.
Christopher Wilson 《Learning & behavior》1988,16(1):83-88
A series of experiments was carried out to investigate the ability of different types of stimulation to induce or intensify the “transport response” in 15-day-old rat pups when an initial stimulus, a pinch to the nape of the neck, produced either no transport response or only a very weak response. Rat pups given supplemental tactile stimulation, in the form of either an airpuff to the ventrum of a pinch to the tail, showed consistently stronger response intensities than when given only a pinch to the nape of the neck. Visual and auditory stimuli produced no increment in response intensities over those with only a dorsal pinch. Two additional experiments were carried out. The first investigated the ability of a puff of mist from an atomizer to induce a transport response in rats too old to show a strong response. The second investigated the induction of the transport response with supplemental stimulation in 19-day-old pups given haloperidol. Results suggest a nondopaminergic system subserving the response facilitation seen with supplemental tactile stimulation. 相似文献
187.
Alma Harris Kenneth Leithwood Christopher Day Pam Sammons David Hopkins 《Journal of Educational Change》2007,8(4):337-347
This article explores the relationship between distributed leadership and organizational change. It draws upon the existing
literature to consider whether distributed forms of leadership influence development and change in schools. The article examines
the research base relating to distributed leadership and organizational outcomes. It focuses on how different patterns or
configurations of distributed leadership contribute to organizational development. The article concludes by highlighting issues
that require further study and more empirical confirmation.
This article is based on a literature review commissioned by the Department for Education and Skills as part of a research
project currently being undertaken by Leithwood, K., Day, C., Sammons, P., Harris, A., and Hopkins, D. (2006) ‘Leadership
and student outcomes’ and Leithwood, K., Day, C., Sammons, P., Harris, A., and Hopkins, D. (2006) ‘Successful school leadership:
What it is and how it influences pupil learning’. London, DFES. 相似文献
188.
Using rich longitudinal data from the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study-Kindergarten cohort (ECLS-K), we find that children who attended preschool enter public schools with higher levels of academic skills than their peers who experienced other types of child care (effect size of .14). This study considers the circumstances under which the preschool advantage persists, that is, the types of classrooms in which students who did not attend preschool “catch up” to their counterparts who did. Specifically, we focus on two dimensions of the early school environment—class size and the level of academic instruction provided. The findings suggest that most of the preschool-related gap in academic skills at school entry is quickly eliminated for children placed in small classrooms and classrooms providing high levels of reading instruction. Conversely, the initial disparities persist for children experiencing large classes and lower levels of reading instruction. These results point out that the longer-term effects of early childhood experience partly depend on classroom experiences during at least the first years of school. 相似文献
189.
The current study utilized constant comparative thematic analysis to uncover antecedents of student misbehavior from the perspective of collegiate instructors. Results indicated nine distinct antecedents of student misbehavior that were classified into three distinct categories: deficiency antecedents, belief antecedents, and external antecedents. These findings extend previous research on antecedents of student misbehavior by forwarding a more nuanced classification structure that centers on attribution theory as an explanatory mechanism. Overall, by understanding the potential reasons that underlie student misbehavior, educators can create more meaningful and enriching experiences for students by thoughtfully addressing these problematic behaviors and the underlying conditions that promote them. 相似文献
190.
The internationalisation of higher education in Australia over the past two decades has brought about dramatic changes in Australian universities. Growing numbers of international students have enrolled in Australian universities and the number of students studying offshore has also increased dramatically. While considerable material has been published on the ramifications of the increased numbers of onshore international students studying at Australian universities, there is relatively little published research on the specific challenges facing academics participating in offshore programs. The aim of this project was to examine the current pre-departure cross-cultural training taking place in the business faculties of three Australian universities in order to gain a better understanding of the adequacy of the support given to Australian academics teaching offshore. Twenty staff involved in offshore education were interviewed as part of this project, including academics with considerable offshore teaching experience, senior academic managers and cross-cultural trainers. While these institutions engage in little formal preparation for offshore teaching, a great deal of informal mentoring and briefing is taking place. We consider the implications of the new quality assurance framework for Australian universities, which requires that institutions be able to demonstrate the ways in which they ensure the quality of teaching and learning. Under this new system, universities are bound by the Australian Vice Chancellors' Committee's guidelines for the provision of education to international students. It appears that Australian universities will need to establish more formal mechanisms to ensure that offshore staff are adequately prepared for offshore teaching posts. 相似文献