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Children perform worse than adults on tests of cognitive flexibility, which is a component of executive function. To assess what aspects of a cognitive flexibility task (cued switching) children have difficulty with, investigators tested where eye gaze diverged over age. Eye-tracking was used as a proxy for attention during the preparatory period of each trial in 48 children ages 8–16 years and 51 adults ages 18–27 years. Children fixated more often and longer on the cued rule, and made more saccades between rule and response options. Behavioral performance correlated with gaze location and saccades. Mid-adolescents were similar to adults, supporting the slow maturation of cognitive flexibility. Lower preparatory control and associated lower cognitive flexibility task performance in development may particularly relate to rule processing. 相似文献
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Abstract Many preservice teacher education programs in recent years have increased the amount of time student teachers spend in field placements by adding an “internship “ component. An internship is typically longer than a practice teaching session and is designed as a bridge between being a student teacher and having full teaching responsibilities. This study explored the effect of an internship that had three key features: the interns were free to choose the nature of their field experience, no formal evaluation was involved, and the interns were attached to the school (or other institution) as a whole rather than a particular staff member. Under these conditions, the interns could (a) go more deeply into a specific teaching area; (b) gain greater knowledge of school culture; (c) become more familiar with school‐wide programs and activities; and (d) learn more about their distinctive interests and abilities as teachers. 相似文献
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Extensive extinction greatly reduces response rate and increases the relative frequency of short interresponse times, but
does not affect temporal learning or operant response rate. In each of two experiments, 24 rats were trained in a multiple
cued interval procedure with three stimuli (noise, light, and clicker) at three intervals (30, 60, and 120 sec). In Experiment
1, after 50 sessions of extinction, response rate decreased from about 25 to 0.5 responses/min, but temporal discriminations
were maintained and the initial response gradients in reacquisition had a pattern that corresponded with the original (rather
than current) training conditions. In Experiment 2, these results were replicated and extended by examination of the effect
of stimulus duration on response patterns during extinction, but its lack of effect on reacquisition. The similarity of the
initial performance in reacquisition to the asymptotic performance in acquisition was presumably due to the similarity of
context. The individual subject data may be downloaded from www.psychonomic.org/archive. 相似文献