An Expansion of the Trait-State-Occasion Model: Accounting for Shared Method Variance

This article examines 4 approaches for explaining shared method variance, each applied to a longitudinal trait–state–occasion (TSO) model. Many approaches have been developed to account for shared method variance in multitrait-multimethod (MTMM) data. Some of these MTMM approaches (correlated method, orthogonal method, correlated method minus one, correlated uniqueness) were therefore borrowed in these analyses such that their effectiveness could be evaluated in conjunction with a TSO model. To this end, datasets were generated according to 4 different covariance matrices (each created according to specifications of a model built with 1 of the 4 approaches) and each model was crossed with each type of data. Whereas the correlated method and correlated method minus one approaches encountered many difficulties in convergence, fit, or parameter estimates, the correlated uniqueness and orthogonal method approaches proved to be quite versatile.     

Una aproximación socio-histórica a la re-mediación

La adquisición de la lectoescritura plantea en nuestras sociedades numerosos problemas que tradicionalmente se le han achacado al individuo como portador de déficits específicos que estarían en la base de cualquier dificultad a la hora de enfrentarse a un texto escrito. Si tenemos en cuenta el origen socio-histórico del proceso lector, nos daremos cuenta de que al niño se le exige en los primeros años de escolaridad un esfuerzo que la humanidad realizó gradualmente y con el apoyo de sucesivos sistemas mediadores que hoy se han suprimido en el proceso de aprendizaje. En este artículo, los autores proponen recuperar esos sistemas mediadores tanto para la enseñanza de la lectoescritura como para la recuperación de los malos lectores.     

El ordenador y la organización de nuevas formas de actividad educativa: una perspectiva socio-histórica

En la breve «tradición» que ha generado la historia del ordenador en educación el concepto de «alfabetización informática» o de la literidad (literacy) específica del ordenador es uno de los más claves pero su contenido ha ido cambiando profunda y progresivamente.

En este artículo se revisan estos cambios y las perspectivas más interesantes y actuales en que los usos y la literidad del ordenador se van perfilando cada vez más como recursos muy potentes y flexibles ligados, más que a un nuevo «alfabeto», a los procesos más generales y esenciales del aprendizaje.     

Consecuencias cognitivas de la educación formal e informal

RESUMEN

Muchos trabajos han evidenciado la hipótesis de que las diferencias entre el aprendizaje formal (encarnado por la escuela) y el aprendizaje informal de la vida práctica dan lugar a diferentes sistemas de aprendizaje funcional. En el aprendizaje escolar el lenguaje tiene un papel crucial, pero muchas veces el esquema verbal aprendido no se conecta con sus referentes empíricos. Es un aprendizaje fuera de contexto que cubre una amplia gama de contenidos y cuya tendencia es generalizar las reglas y las operaciones. Las herramientas intelectuales son diferentes de las utilizadas en el aprendizaje de la vida diaria, que suele estar mediatizado por los instrumentos y tiene un carácter observacional. Sería necesario un estudio para ver en qué forma estos dos sistemas de aprendizaje interactúan en el aula. Parece que la base del conocimiento de la escuela está en conflicto con la cultura tradicional del adulto. En este sentido, se señala la necesidad de cambios básicos en la organización social de la educación.     

Towards a new emphasis in monitoring

In the Open University, a sample of each tutors marked assignments is monitored to assess the quality of teaching and grading. Sue Cole and Maggie Coats, Assistant Staff Tutors in Social Science in the East Midlands Region and Helen Lentell, Assistant Director, Regional Academic Services respectively, focus on the tutor‐monitor dimension, and present the case for viewing monitoring in terms of performance improvement, not just performance appraisal. The views of readers on this controversial subject are welcome.     

CREATIVITY IN ADULTHOOD AND OLD AGE: AN EXPLORATORY STUDY

The purpose of this study was to explore the creative process and creative products across the adult life span. The subjects were 61 women, ages 20 to 83 years, who were comparable in intelligence, education, and interest in writing. They completed a creative writing project and took three standardized creativity tests and two intelligence subtests. Both quantitative and qualitative differences were found favoring young adults. Predictive but not construct validity was demonstrated for the creativity tests with this population of young and old adults. Both methodological constraints and the ecological validity of these measures of creativity are discussed.     

A systematic review of the technology-based assessment of visual perception and exploration behaviour in association football

To visually perceive opportunities for action, athletes rely on the movements of their eyes, head and body to explore their surrounding environment. To date, the specific types of technology and their efficacy for assessing the exploration behaviours of association footballers have not been systematically reviewed. This review aimed to synthesise the visual perception and exploration behaviours of footballers according to the task constraints, action requirements of the experimental task, and level of expertise of the athlete, in the context of the technology used to quantify the visual perception and exploration behaviours of footballers. A systematic search for papers that included keywords related to football, technology, and visual perception was conducted. All 38 included articles utilised eye-movement registration technology to quantify visual perception and exploration behaviour. The experimental domain appears to influence the visual perception behaviour of footballers, however no studies investigated exploration behaviours of footballers in open-play situations. Studies rarely utilised representative stimulus presentation or action requirements. To fully understand the visual perception requirements of athletes, it is recommended that future research seek to validate alternate technologies that are capable of investigating the eye, head and body movements associated with the exploration behaviours of footballers during representative open-play situations.     

Recovering Predictor–Criterion Relations Using Covariate-Informed Factor Score Estimates

Although it is currently best practice to directly model latent factors whenever feasible, there remain many situations in which this approach is not tractable. Recent advances in covariate-informed factor score estimation can be used to provide manifest scores that are used in second-stage analysis, but these are currently understudied. Here we extend our prior work on factor score recovery to examine the use of factor score estimates as predictors both in the presence and absence of the same covariates that were used in score estimation. Results show that whereas the relation between the factor score estimates and the criterion are typically well recovered, substantial bias and increased variability is evident in the covariate effects themselves. Importantly, using covariate-informed factor score estimates substantially, and often wholly, mitigates these biases. We conclude with implications for future research and recommendations for the use of factor score estimates in practice.     

Intelligent information retrieval: diagnosing information need. Part II. Uncertainty expansion in a prototype of a diagnostic IR tool

This article is part II of a three part series. In part I we described the theoretical framework for developing an “intelligent information retrieval” tool, based on three principles from medical diagnosis theory. In part II, the present article, we outline a prototype of an “intelligent” IR tool, whose purpose is to facilitate information access for an undergraduate seeking information for a history term paper. Our objective is to create a tool that will (i) draw-out the undergraduate's query to the information system by taking the student through the task of doing the term paper and (ii) diagnose the student's information need by measuring his or her degree of topic integration. The degree of integration indicates a class of information need. The classes of information need are based on Kuhlthau's six stage information search process (ISP) model (each stage is a separate information need, demanding different information to satisfy it). The measurement instrument is based on (i) principles from Shannon's mathematical theory of communication and (ii) principles of uncertainty expansion and reduction from differential diagnosis theory.     

Initial Validity Evidence for the State Mindfulness Scale for Physical Activity With Youth

Experiencing mindfulness during movement-based interventions (e.g., yoga) may help support adaptive physical activity motivation processes in youth. However, there is currently no measure for assessing state mindfulness with youth within the context of physical activity. The purpose of this study was to qualitatively and quantitatively evaluate a measure of state mindfulness for physical activity in youth. In study one, cognitive interviews with youth (N = 15) ages 8–13 evaluated the State Mindfulness Scale for Physical Activity item comprehension and preference for developmentally worded modifications. Results suggest that problems with item comprehension were more likely in youth younger than 10. In study two, the State Mindfulness Scale for Physical Activity, or a modified version, was administered randomly to middle-school students (N = 481). Internal consistency reliability, confirmatory factor analyses, model-based reliability omega, and correlations with theoretically relevant variables combined with the qualitative evidence provided stronger initial support for the use of the original State Mindfulness Scale for Physical Activity with middle-school students.