Self in context: autonomy and relatedness in Japanese and U.S. mother-preschooler dyads

Cultural differences and similarities in socialization during two contrasting laboratory tasks were examined in 30 Japanese mothers and their preschoolers, both temporarily residing in the United States, and 30 U.S. mothers and their preschoolers (age: M = 55.8 months, SD = 4.9). Mother and child actions, speech, emotion, and attention were coded from videotaped observations during a free play task and waiting task. Cross-cultural comparisons showed that U.S. mothers had more conversations that emphasized individual experiences, more often acted as playmates and used joint attention, maintained more physical distance, showed more positive emotions, and made more positive responses to child accomplishment. In contrast, Japanese mothers had more conversations that emphasized shared experiences, showed more divided attention, and maintained social role distinctions. Similar, but fewer cultural differences emerged for children. However, maternal and child characteristics also varied by task context. The results suggested an emphasis on autonomy in U.S. dyads and an emphasis on relatedness in Japanese dyads, but the interactions with task context revealed the coexistence of autonomy and relatedness.     

中学物理教学方法的选择与运用

本文阐述了中学物理课堂教学方法的分类。并以“机械运动与匀速直线运动”一节课为例 ,分析了如何进行教学方法的选择 ,并对“问题讨论法”的运用作了解释和说明     

A Critical Analysis of Siegel's Case for Revision of the Learning Disability Construct

In this paper I analyse Siegel's revisionist conceptualization of the learning disability concept. Siegel has attempted to demonstrate that the construct of learning disabilities is flawed because of its long‐term linkage with the variable of intelligence. The discrepancy formulation is the particular focus of her criticism. She has denigrated the use of IQ tests in LD diagnosis and argued that intelligence and reading measure many of the same abilities and therefore any difference between these two functions is confounded; that IQ is not a valid measure of reading potential in children with LD and normal populations; and that logical analysis and empirical research demonstrate that the concept of intelligence is redundant in any conception of learning disabilities. I present arguments against each of these propositions and several other matters raised in her paper. I propose two basic approaches to learning disabilities and give expression to these in two theoretical models, a simple categorical model (designated as Model C) and the underachievement model (Model D). I show that Siegel's interpretation is based on a weak version of Model C, but that this model fails to elucidate the essential meaning of the learning disability construct. I show that Model D is the more appropriate alternative. I contend that the application of standard regression procedures inherent in Model D would lead to a more appropriate definition of LD and that more stringent standards for the underachievement criterion would offset many of the problems that Siegel has highlighted in her paper.     

Patio Swings Intermodal Shipping Competition: An Inquiry‐Based Partial Information Exercise

Rather than providing all the required information as classroom exercises typically do, this international purchase and intermodal transportation competitive in‐class exercise intentionally holds back selected supply chain details. This inquiry‐based learning (IBL) approach simulates a real‐world Distribution Requirements Planning scenario by requiring students to identify what information they need and seek out those details from the instructor while competing with fellow student groups. In this 20‐30 minute exercise students are challenged to identify the all the necessary supply chain activities required to effectively ship patio swings from a supplier in China to a national retail chain in time for a spring sale. Generating the benefits of improved critical thinking in a fraction of the time required for traditional IBL, the approach is best described as a Partial Information Exercise. A student survey (n = 310) found that students strongly supported the inquiry approach, it generated significantly increased interest in global supply chain management roles and responsibilities, and over 91% of participants recommended the exercise continue to be part of the introductory operations and supply chain management course.     

Familial patterns of expression of specific reading disability in a population sample

Summary A sample school population of 75 family units of equal size was investigated for expression of specific reading disability. 25.3% of the total children showed specific reading disability as defined in this study. By using spelling achievement as the criterion for the presence of the disability, the incidence of the disorder was shown to be much higher in certain families than in others, with clear sibling aggregation. The siblings of specific-reading-disability cases demonstrated lower spelling competence than the total siblings in normal families, even when well above a crippling level. Both within individual families and by grades, the spelling rating in relation to grade norms of the specific-reading-disability family cases with their siblings tended to decline with age, in contrast to normal families where it tended to improve with age. This pattern was even more striking if the greater language competence of females, now quite generally accepted and further supported by this study, was taken into account. It was demonstrated that the above patterns were not primarily a product of intelligence level or teaching methods. The bearing of these findings on the tenability of the most common, current hypotheses concerning causation was briefly discussed. From the Language Clinic and Division of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital.     

师范大学生教师职业态度的现状研究

了解师范大学生教师职业态度的现状，为我国21世纪办好师范教育提供借鉴。方法：对甘肃省属七所高等师范院校的611名大学生采用自编的“教师职业态度调查问卷”、“对教师职业的期望和自我评价调查问卷”进行测查，并通过访谈结果作补充分析。结果：师范大学生的教师职业态度总体趋势是好的，但也存在不少一，即“高认识－高情感－低意志”的不协调状态。结论：师范大学生的教师职业态度现状不容乐观，必须给予高度重视。有效途径是加强师范大学生教师职业态度和职业精神的形成性教育，呼吁有关部门采取有效措施切实提高教师的整体地位。     

Improving Factor Score Estimation Through the Use of Observed Background Characteristics

A challenge facing nearly all studies in the psychological sciences is how to best combine multiple items into a valid and reliable score to be used in subsequent modeling. The most ubiquitous method is to compute a mean of items, but more contemporary approaches use various forms of latent score estimation. Regardless of approach, outside of large-scale testing applications, scoring models rarely include background characteristics to improve score quality. This article used a Monte Carlo simulation design to study score quality for different psychometric models that did and did not include covariates across levels of sample size, number of items, and degree of measurement invariance. The inclusion of covariates improved score quality for nearly all design factors, and in no case did the covariates degrade score quality relative to not considering the influences at all. Results suggest that the inclusion of observed covariates can improve factor score estimation.     

设计美在品牌与企业识别关系系统中之体现

品牌就是消费者与产品之间的关系。品牌形象是品牌在消费者心中的感知形象,品牌识别则是企业希望自身品牌达到的预期效果。企业识别系统正是联系企业与消费者、品牌识别与品牌形象的中间链条。企业识别设计是美的设计,其中MIS属设计美的内容,BIS和VIS属设计美的形式;BIS是设计美的活动形式,VIS是设计美的对象的存在形式。三者推衍依存,共同带动企业经营的步伐,塑造企业独特的品牌形象。     

学科水平的模糊综合评价法及其应用

针对学科水平评价中存在的大量不确定性和模糊性因素,引入模糊综合评价思想,分别从学术队伍、科学研究、教学与人才培养和工作条件四个方面设计了学科水平模糊综合评价指标体系,并通过实例分析和计算,表明该方法可以较客观地对学科水平作出评价。     

河南省高师大学生急救能力现状调查分析

以问卷调查等方法，对河南省高师部分在校大学生的急救知识掌握情况进行调查。结果显示，河南省高师大学生掌握的急救知识异常贫乏，急救实践技能欠佳。本针对此现状进行分析，提出相应对策。