Using Oral History Readings in Teaching the History of Counseling

This article describes an assignment using oral history readings to teach the history of counseling and counseling psychology. Student feedback and outcomes are discussed, as well as future research directions.     

A Model for Adapting Counselor Training to Community Agency Needs

Projections of employment opportunities for graduates in traditional educational specialties indicate limited growth, while a demand for community counselors is expected to grow more rapidly. In order to provide training applicable for counseling students anticipating employment in a community setting, there is need for a planned, systematic approach to program development. This article proposes a three-phase model for change that considers departmental resources, student characteristics and agency needs.     

A Behavioral Model for the Practicum Supervision of Counselor Candidates

This article presents a behavioral model of supervisor behavior for the counseling practicum that involves supervisor, counselor, and client. Five identifiable stages in supervision are presented: (a) the initial session, (b) the development of a facilitative relationship, (c) goal identification and determination of supervisory procedures, (d) the use of supervisory techniques and procedures, and (e) termination and follow-up. This supervisory process between supervisor and counselor is related to the counseling process between counselor and client.     

Graduate and Undergraduate Internships in Human Services: A National Directory

The authors describe a national, generic directory of bachelor's, master's, and doctoral internships for human service agencies. Internships are listed for the following types of human service agencies: community mental health, mental retardation, corrections, rehabilitation, and others. Each internship listing includes, by degree level, the following information: (a) number of internship positions available, (b) availability of stipends, (c) typical intern roles and functions emphasized and percentage of time spent in each, (d) length of internship, (e) major theoretical orientations of agency staff, and (f) prerequisite training and experiences. By degree level, the number of human services internship positions listed in the directory are as follows: bachelor's, 65; master's, 246; and doctoral, 163.     

THE USE OF EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN IN EDUCATIONAL EVALUATION

Considerable controversy has existed concerning the utility of experimental design in educational evaluation. The polar positions are that experimental design has no utility in educational evaluation and that experimental design is the only valid evaluation strategy. This article examines these positions in terms of conceptualizations of evaluation according to the'LCIPP Evaluation Model "and of experimental design according to the "true comparative experiment." An alternative position including three main points is developed: (a) The methodology of educational evaluation includes much more than the methodology of experimental design; (b) Experimental design does have potential utility in the areas of input and product evaluation, but not within the areas of context and process evaluation; (c) The utility of experimental design can be increased by following a set of procedures that do not require the use of common criterion instruments and uniform decision rules for all students in an experiment; this allows judgment of a program in terms of the number of students for whom it was successful.     

Facilitating Holistic Curriculum Development

There is a movement in higher education to think of a curriculum less as a sequence of independent courses and more as a set of highly integrated learning and assessment experiences designed to help students develop clearly defined outcomes. This paper reports on a case study that illustrates how internal curriculum assessment processes used by an environmental science and policy department in an institution of higher education lead to the creation of an innovative tenure-track faculty line for someone whose primary activities and scholarship focus not on traditional disciplinary scholarship but instead on coordinating the holistic development of an integrated curriculum. This paper goes on to show how I, the person hired into this position, am facilitating the coordinated development of a senior thesis programme, a junior entry course into the major and a disciplinary writing programme for the purpose of developing a more integrated curriculum.     

Medical books publishing in traditional printed formats: current trends

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