Art in Primary Education: Aspects of Generalist Art Teaching

This paper considers the practice of generalist teaching in primary schools, but with specific regard to the teaching of art. It argues that, despite recent criticism of such methods, there is very little reason to suppose that primary schools will move to a pattern of wholesale specialist delivery of the curriculum within the foreseeable future. As a result, it suggests that the phenomenon of generalist art teaching is likely to remain a widespread aspect of primary education, and that art educators would therefore do well to consider whether the approach might not have something positive to offer the teaching of the subject. Accordingly, the paper provides an account of three significant advantages which it believes this method of teaching can offer to the teaching of art within the primary school. These are set against a range of evidence which both identifies the problematical nature of much past practice, but which also demonstrates the possibility of achieving quality in generalist art teaching. Finally, the relationship between previous problems in this area and the structure of teacher education is explored, and it is suggested that recent new requirements for such courses may offer the prospect of liberating the potential that has been identified.     

Graduate Students in Education: A Comparison of Counselor,Supervisor, and Teacher Candidates

Male and female graduate students majoring in counseling and guidance were compared with their peers specializing in supervision or a teaching field. Significant differences among subgroups of both sexes were observed on both intellective and nonintellective variables. Male counselor candidates were more clearly differentiated from noncounseling majors than female counselor candidates. However, the similarities among categories of graduate students in education were more striking than the differences. It appeared that groups of education students differed more markedly from men and women in general than from each other. It was suggested that groups of individuals who have completed a bachelor's degree in education are significantly better adjusted than men and women in general and that differences among large subgroups of graduate students in education tend to be small because teachers are not a normal sample.     

Training Counselors in Persuasion

The interpersonal influence model of counseling has implications for counselor training. The behaviors and other cues used to establish counselor expertness, trustworthiness, and attractiveness—qualities associated with persuasiveness—are described.     

A Study of the Relationship between Supervisor and Trainee Behaviors in Counseling Practicum

The goal of this study was to identify relationships among the counseling behaviors of practicum trainees and the supervision behaviors of their supervisors during a one-semester counseling practicum. Trained judges rated the following variables from audiotapes: trainee and supervisor empathy, various trainee and supervisor verbal behavior patterns, and five trainee competencies. Comparisons were made between performances at the beginning and end of the term. Trainees improved on two of five competencies but did not improve on empathy, nor did their verbal behavior patterns change. Empathy levels of the supervisors had no apparent effect on the trainees.     

INCREASING TEST RELIABILITY THROUGH SELF-SCORING PROCEDURES

Fifty-four graduate students were administered a 66 item four-response multiple choice test on self-scoring tests forms. Each test was scored by the traditional right-wrong method of scoring tests and was also scored by the self-scoring method of counting the number of responses necessary to respond to all items correctly. Results indicate that scoring tests by the self-scoring method can result in a higher split half reliability than tests scored by the traditional right-wrong method.     

Effective Supervision and Consultation: A Model for the Development of Functional Supervision and Consultation Programs

Many public and private agencies lack a systematic process for evaluating the quality of counselor supervision. The Effective Supervision and Consultation (ESC) model is proposed as a guide for counselor educators who are helping agencies build effective supervision programs. The ESC model is presented with an emphasis on the assessment, training, and evaluation components of consultation services in counselor supervision.     

Helping Beginning Counselors Develop a Personal Theory of Counseling

Developing a personal theory of counseling is essential for beginning counselors. Current approaches de‐emphasize life experiences before graduate training and fail to incorporate counselor developmental stages. This article presents a framework for strengthening development of a personal theory of counseling by integrating life experiences and counselor developmental stages with theory building approaches.     

Memory Research in Counseling: A Perspective and Some Hypotheses

The purpose of this article is to outline a perspective for memory research in counseling. The primary audiences were graduate students and supervisors of students planning research plus counseling researchers interested in investigating memory issues in counseling. The importance of memory processes in counseling is briefly reviewed. The authors then present a broad perspective for memory research in counseling and levels of processing, and examine a series of hypotheses that are tied into current work in counseling. The overall heuristic of levels of processing is followed by an examination of the reformulations of the position and how these may result in testable counseling hypotheses. This type of thinking should be valuable to counselor educators as they conduct their own research and help their students plan research programs. In addition, there is potential for applications of memory research to training and practice.     

Changes in the Perception of the Counselor: Self,Ideal Self,and Self as Judged by Peers

Thirty counseling practicum students' perceptions of self as counselor, ideal counselor, and self as counselor as perceived by other practicum students were measured by the semantic differential technique before and after the supervised practicum experience. Posttest perceptions of self as counselor, ideal counselor, and ratings by other practicum group members were significantly closer to the hypothetical model counselor than were the pretest ratings.