The new social studies,textbooks, and reform in social studies

The New Social Studies curriculum development movement was short-lived, in part because project staff were not sensitive to the realities of the educational context within which their materials and methods would be used. Although textbook-based recitation persists in social studies classrooms, textbooks are not a ready mechanism for reform. Among the reasons are the institutional constraints on publishers and the difficulty in effecting curricular change without appropriate teacher preparation and modifications in the educational environment. James P. Shaver id professor of secondary education, associate dean for research, College of Education, and acting dean of the School of Graduate Studies, Utah State University, Logan. He has been president of the National Council for the Social Studies and has received NCSS’s Citation for Exemplary Research. His numerous books and articles include materials for students, research reports, and discussion of educational rationale-building, rationales for social studies education, and research philosophy.     

Interactivity and multimedia interfaces

Multimedia technology offers instructional designers an unprecedented opportunity to create richly interactive learning environments. With greater design freedom comes complexity. The standard answer to the problems of too much choice, disorientation, and complex navigation is thought to lie in the way we design the interactivity in a system. Unfortunately, the theory of interactivity is at an early stage of development. After critiquing the decision cycle model of interaction – the received theory in human computer interaction – I present arguments and observational data to show that humans have several ways of interacting with their environments which resist accommodation in the decision cycle model. These additional ways of interacting include: preparing the environment, maintaining the environment, and reshaping the cognitive congeniality of the environment. Understanding how these actions simplify the computational complexity of our mental processes is the first step in designing the right sort of resources and scaffolding necessary for tractable learner controlled learning environments.     

关于提高高校篮球教练员专业素质的研究

要发展高校篮球运动，提高大学生篮球运动水平，关键在教练员。通过对高校篮球教练员应具备专业素质的研究，提出了提高高校篮球教练员专业素质的对策。     

Chaos theory, informational needs, and natural disasters

This study applies chaos theory to a system-wide analysis of crisis communication in a natural disaster. Specifically, we analyze crisis communication during the 1997 Red River Valley flood in Minnesota and North Dakota. This flood, among the worst in modern American history, consumed entire metropolitan areas, displacing thousands of people. The conditions and decisions leading to the disaster, and the subsequent reactions are retraced. Communication related to river crest predictions (fractals), the shock at the magnitude of the crisis (cosmology episode), novel forms of reorganizing (self-organization), and agencies that aided in establishing a renewed order (strange attractors) are evaluated. Ultimately, we argue that preexisting sensemaking structures favoring rationalized, traditional views of a complex system led officials to make inappropriately unequivocal predictions and ultimately diminished the effectiveness of the region's crisis communication and planning.     

沈阳市社区实施全民健身工程现状的调查与分析

对沈阳市社区实施全民健身工程以来的现状进行了调查与分析。结论，实施全民健身工程是 一项功归国家、利国利民的造福工程。它的实施极大地改善了人民群众强身健体的条件和丰 富了健身的内容；提高了锻炼手段和条件的现代化水平。指出了沈阳市实施全民健身工程以 来存在的问题，并为未来的发展提出了建设性意见。     

体育教师的体质优势与子代性别

对多个城市的约 15 0 0名体育教师进行了问卷调查。统计数据表示 ,1个家庭中 ,父母某一方为体育教师时 ,子代的性别具有与亲代同性别倾向性 ,这种情况也许是由于体育教师的相对体质优势对子代在性别上具有某种影响的结果