A CD-ROM consisting of videos of two lessons by different teachers demonstrating exemplary science teaching was used to elicit,
develop and track the changing conceptions of good science teaching of student teachers enrolled for the one-year Postgraduate
Diploma in Education (PGDE) at several stages during the programme. It was found that the videos acted as an effective probe
to elicit student teachers’ conceptions and had significant impact on those conceptions at different stages of the programme
through the provision of teacher models demonstrating exemplary teaching. The experience has extended novice teachers’ awareness
of alternative teaching methods and approaches not experienced in their own schooling, broadened their awareness of different
classroom situations, provided proof of existence of good practices and prompted them to reflect on their current conceptions
of good science teaching. Most importantly, the strategy of asking student teachers to watch the same videos on three separate
occasions at different times of the course was recognized by them as a crucial element in facilitating their reflection on
their changing conceptions of good science teaching.
PGDE is the standard form of pre-service teacher education in Hong Kong. It provides qualified teacher status within Hong
Kong. Student teachers enrolled for the PGDE have completed a relevant undergraduate degree. 相似文献
Speed reading is advertised as a way to increase reading speed without any loss in comprehension. However, research on speed reading has indicated that comprehension suffers as reading speed increases. We were specifically interested in how processes of inference generation were affected by speed reading.
Methods
We examined how reading speed influenced inference generation in typical readers, trained speed readers and participants trained to skim read passages. Passages either strongly or weakly promoted a bridging or predictive inference. After reading, participants performed a lexical decision task on either a nonword, neutral or inference‐related word.
Results
Typical readers responded to strong and weak inference words faster than neutral words. There were no statistical differences in reaction time between inference‐related and neutral words for speed and skim readers.
Conclusions
These findings provide no substantive evidence that the appropriate inferences are generated when reading at rapid speeds. Thus, speed reading may be detrimental to normal integrative comprehension processes. 相似文献
Three rats received unmodifiable tailshock at random intervals in a shuttlebox. In a continuous-choice situation, Ss could choose between an auditory signal immediately preceding or immediately following the tailshock. Over repeated daily 3-h sessions, each S acquired a spatial discrimination indicating a strong preference for the signal preceding tailshock. This preference continued undiminished through two successive reversals of the position associated with signaled shock. This demonstration precludes explanations of the preference-for-signaled-shock phenomenon based upon primary reinforcement value or acquired value of the signal, position preferences, and overt modification of the aversiveness of the reinforcer through such means as postural adjustments. An explanation of recent failures to obtain the preference-for-signaled-shock effect is offered. 相似文献
Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations of cavitating flow through water hydraulic poppet valves were performed using
advanced RNGk-epsilon turbulence model. The flow was turbulent, incompressible and unsteady, for Reynolds numbers greater than 43000. The
working fluid was water, and the structure of the valve was simplified as a two dimensional axisymmetric geometrical model.
Flow field visualization was numerically achieved. The effects of inlet velocity, outlet pressure, opening size as well as
poppet angle on cavitation intensity in the poppet valve were numerically investigated. Experimental flow visualization was
conducted to capture cavitation images near the orifice in the poppet valve with 30° poppet angle using high speed video camera.
The binary cavitating flow field distribution obtained from digital processing of the original cavitation image showed a good
agreement with the numerical result.
Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 59835160) and Scientific Research Foundation for
Returned Overseas Chinese Scholars, State Education Ministry of China (No. 50175097) 相似文献
The French orthographic code is complex, and its acquisition is laborious (Catach, 2008; Fayol & Jaffré, 2008). Three hypotheses attempt to explain orthographic knowledge acquisition (OKA). For some, exposure to the code leads to OKA through a self-learning process (Share, 2004). For others, OKA benefits from graphophonological processes (Coltheart, Rastle, Perry, Langdon, & Ziegler, 2001). Finally, some authors suggest that OKA is possible thanks to visual specific processes (Ans, Carbonnel, & Valdois, 1998). The main goal of this study was to test these hypotheses in a classroom context with comparable samples. In total, 143 2nd-grade children participated in this quasi-experimental study with a pretest, immediate posttest, and delayed posttest design. We assigned participants to one of four conditions. For three conditions, we created three teaching procedures based on each of the hypotheses: frequency of contacts with target words; explicit teaching of graphophonological properties of words; explicit teaching of visual properties of words. The fourth served as a control group. ANOVA analyses indicated that all three experimental conditions favored OKA, showing that the different teaching procedures led to spelling development. However, the visual condition was the most favorable. Three main conclusions can be drawn from this study: (a) models of OKA should account for the different paths that can lead to spelling acquisition; (b) visual properties of words and their acquisition need additional research, and (c) applied research in real classroom contexts is not only relevant for informing teaching practices but also for better understanding how learning takes place.