Three Supervision Modalities for Training Marital and Family Counselors

Three supervision modalities (live, delayed review, and verbal reports) in training marital and family counselors are discussed with attention given to goals, supervisory considerations, advantages, and disadvantages of each modality.     

International co-production of distance-teaching courses

Co-production occurs when two or more institutions contribute funds and labour to the processes of making course components for distance teaching. The author summarises reasons for international co-production of multimedia distance-teaching courses and provides a checklist of questions that should be considered before entering upon such co-production.
The second half of the article consists of a composite case study based on the UK's Open University experience of international co-production. The paper ends with three questions: Is international co-production of this kind worth trying? Can the chances of success be made high enough by careful planning to justify risking capital in such ventures? Are other forms of collaboration more likely to be cost-effective?     

Children are not Meant to be Studied …

The project of studying children in order to understand them, which lies at the heart of contemporary thinking about children and their education, is misconceived. It rests, jrst of all, upon a false belief that we can only come to know something properly by deliberately and systematically pursuing knowledge of it. Secondly, it offers a paradigm of knowing children which justifies parents and teachers in not giving themselves to children. By re-interpreting the problems that adults experience with children as technical, as arising from lack of information about them, it ignores the personal and moral dimension of adults' relations with children and thus further alienates them from one another.     

递增负荷运动过程中ER、PR水平的变化及其与性腺类固醇的关系

低性腺类固醇水平是AMi的重要特征之一.为了探讨低性激素环境下ER（雌激素受体）、PR（孕激素受体）的变化特点及激素与受体间的相互影响作用关系，并探讨其在运动性月经失调中的作用机制，本研究对递增负荷运动过程中及4个恢复期后，大鼠子宫和卵巢ER、PR及血清E2、P水平的变化进行了连续监测.结果显示，血清E2、P随运动负荷量的加大而逐渐降低，组织ER、PR水平随运动负荷量的加大呈渐进性升高.受体水平在停训后的恢复期内随着E2、P水平的回升，逐渐回落.结果表明，运动中受体水平的变化可能为非激素依赖性升高，这种升高或许是机体对长期运动训练造成的低性激素环境的一种适应性反应，可能是AMI病理机制过程的重要一环.恢复期受体水平的恢复与E2水平的升高具有直接关系。