Current information and evidence indicate that for most activities free weight training can produce superior results compared to training with machines, particularly when the free weight training involves complex, multi-joint exercises. A number of reasons can account for the superiority of free weights; the major factor deals with mechanical specificity. Mechanical specificity is concerned with appropriate movement patterns, force application and velocity of movement. Considering the available evidence that adherence to the concept of specificity of exercise and training can result in a greater transfer of training effect then free weights should produce a more effective training transfer. Therefore, the majority of resistance exercises making up a training programme should include of free weight exercises with emphasis on mechanical specificity (i.e. large muscle mass exercises, appropriate velocity, contraction type etc.). Generally, machines should be used as an adjunct to free weight training and, depending upon the sport, can be used to a greater or lesser extent during various phases of the training period (preparation, pre-competition, competition). 相似文献
Physical profile data from elite, sub-elite, regional, under 21s (U21), under 19s (U19) and under 17s (U17) (n = 845) players from a state netball association in Australia were analysed. Within season changes were examined for the elite and sub-elite players. Longitudinal changes were examined for the elite across four consecutive netball seasons.
Elite were significantly older (24.3 ± 3.4years), taller (182.4 ± 7.2cm) and heavier (73.42 ± 6.95kg) than other playing levels (p < 0.001, ES 0.49–3.26) and had higher vertical jump (VJ) data compared to all groups (p < 0.001, ES 0.47–0.93). U17’s were significantly faster than elite, sub-elite and U19 players over 5m (p < 0.05, ES 0.36–0.58) while elite were faster over 20m compared to all groups (p < 0.01, ES 0.45–0.72). Elite achieved a greater distance (1350.8m; p < 0.05, ES 0.32–0.50) in the Yo-YoIRT1 compared to the sub-elite, regional, U19 and U17. VJ height significantly increased from the 2014 (51.6 ± 4.8cm) to the 2017 season (59.6 ± 6.3cm) for the elite players (p < 0.01, ES 1.18). Yo-YoIRT1 test scores increased significantly between the pre-season and in-season phases (p < 0.05, ES 0.17). 相似文献
The retrieval of sentences that are relevant to a given information need is a challenging passage retrieval task. In this
context, the well-known vocabulary mismatch problem arises severely because of the fine granularity of the task. Short queries,
which are usually the rule rather than the exception, aggravate the problem. Consequently, effective sentence retrieval methods
tend to apply some form of query expansion, usually based on pseudo-relevance feedback. Nevertheless, there are no extensive
studies comparing different statistical expansion strategies for sentence retrieval. In this work we study thoroughly the
effect of distinct statistical expansion methods on sentence retrieval. We start from a set of retrieved documents in which
relevant sentences have to be found. In our experiments different term selection strategies are evaluated and we provide empirical
evidence to show that expansion before sentence retrieval yields competitive performance. This is particularly novel because expansion for sentence retrieval is often done after sentence retrieval (i.e. expansion terms are mined from a ranked set of sentences) and there are no comparative results available between both
types of expansion. Furthermore, this comparison is particularly valuable because there are important implications in time
efficiency. We also carefully analyze expansion on weak and strong queries and demonstrate clearly that expanding queries
before sentence retrieval is not only more convenient for efficiency purposes, but also more effective when handling poor
queries. 相似文献
Information is a resource for development, which every country, developed or developing, must use to produce a national outlook. Many people view it as a raw material and commodity capable of being exploited for personal gains and for the good of a nation. However, the idea of an information society is not a global phenomenon. While there is a glut of information in developed countries, there is a dearth in developing ones. Against this background of information lag, this article examines the information divide in contemporary societies. 相似文献
Cognitive response theories such as the Elaboration Likelihood Model (ELM) have been criticized for lacking appropriate and rigorous empirical testing. As a result, the ELM in particular has little support for the proposed causal mechanism, cognitive responses, as a mediating variable between messages and attitude change. Using argument quality and source credibility manipulations, this investigation examines several causal models to assess the role of cognitive responses in the ELM. In general, the data supported the ELM's prediction that high quality arguments produce more favorable thoughts and subsequently more attitude change for high involvement receivers. Although a structural equation model supports the mediating role of cognitive responses in the ELM, the data are more consistent with a model derived from Information Processing Theory. 相似文献
Millerson, Gerald. Effective TV Production (1976, 192 pp., $8.95, paper) Robinson, J.F., and P.H. Beards. Using Videotape (1976, 163 pp., $7.95) A. Arthur Englander and Paul Petzold's Filming for Television (New York: Hastings House, 1976—$19.50) Dwight V. Swain's Film Scriptwriting: A Practical Manual (New York: Hastings House, 1976—$14.50/7.50) Walter Herdeg's Film and TV Graphics 2: An International Survey of the Art of Film Animation (Zurich: The Graphis Press [New York: Hastings House], 1976—$28.00) 相似文献