Financing Universities in the Federal Republic of Germany

Financing universities in times of increasing demands in all fields of public expenditure is a problem of nearly all European counnies not least because of the ongoing process of European integration. Comparing the different national systems of financing universities may be a means to foster cooperation and competition in a step by step growing network of universities in the European Community. This paper tries to give some insights into the German system; special considerotion is given to its federal structure and its implications for the universities' financthg system, because these problems may be of interest to other countries also. Of course this survey cannot be complete; details must be left to detailed information. The first part of the paper gives a survey of the higher education system in the Federal Republic of Gennany. The second part deals with the sources of funds, including the structure of mong streams to the universities. The third part refffs to the restrictions in using state money in the universities and the problems resulting; the fourth and final part concentrates on problems of the future, especially getring third party finds, and the diversifiation. of financing.     

卵巢癌uPA及HPA的表达与肿瘤转移的相关性研究

目的探讨尿素酶型纤溶酶原激活物(urokinase-type plasminigen activator,uPA)、乙酰肝素酶(heparanase,HPA)在卵巢上皮癌和淋巴结转移癌中表达及其与肿瘤侵袭的关系。方法应用免疫组化SABC法,对65例卵巢上皮肿瘤手术标本进行uPA和HPA蛋白表达的测定。结果uPA、HPA在卵巢上皮癌中阳性表达率分别为66.7%、51.1%,其明显高于良性肿瘤及正常组织,有淋巴结转移的肿瘤的阳性表达率分别为78.1%、62.5%,无淋巴结转移的肿瘤阳性表达率分别为38.1%、23.1%,uPA和HPA高表达与卵巢癌侵袭和淋巴结转移关系密切(P<0.05)。uPA和HPA在卵巢癌中的表达无显著性差异(P>0.05)表达成正相关(r=0.724)。结论uPA和HPA蛋白的表达与卵巢癌的侵袭和转移有显著的相关性。     

Legal Defensibility of Standards: Issues and Policy Perspectives

What legal issues may arise in setting content or performance standards? What precedents are relevant? What practices are defensible?     

A nation at risk: The economic consequences of neglecting career development

Conclusion Computer-based career systems should be the focal point of popular, and effective career development initiatives which are of tremendous benefit to individuals. Such initiatives also have the potential to significantly reduce public expenditures and enhance the nation's competitive position internationally. The key lies in helping people understand that we can no longer afford to neglect the career development needs of Americans.I am most grateful for this opportunity to share my thoughts with you. I encourage you to promote the use of computer-based career systems by defining their benefits in economic terms. However, be sure you can prove your system does more than simply entertain its users, or leave them with extensive computer printouts.Phillip S. Jarvis is Manager, Careerware Research and Product Design, STM Systems Corp., Ottawa, Ontario, Canada and the author of CHOICES. This is the text of a paper presented to the Annual Conference of the Association of Computer-Based Systems for Career Information ((ACSCI) in St. Louis, Missouri on December 2, 1988.     

浅析兵家武德文化

在继承中华民族传统美德的基础上，研究和开发具有时代价值意义的武德资源，对于发挥武术文化在世界上的影响，为武术真正走向世界都具有重要的意义。