实行新规则后排球比赛规律初探

通过对1998～1999年全国排球联赛,1999年亚俱杯男排赛、4国女排邀请赛、世界女排大奖赛总决赛、我国男女排集中秋训、世界杯比赛的调研,探讨了实施新规则对排球技战术发展带来的变化。结呆表明;新规则实施后,一攻作用得到粮本改变,提高防反能力关系到我国排球市场的前途;各项技术得分比例发生变化,二传队员压力增大,发球作用影响深远;自由防守队员接发球和防守效果优于其他队员,但我国与外国队相比还有较大差距;强弱队之间比分差距缩小,胜负偶然性增强;比赛时间相对缩短,比赛强度和难度提高;队员运动寿命延长,使用新人风险加大。我国排球技术战术指导思想的内涵需作适当调整与补充。     

Adaptive expertise – a characteristic of expertise in outdoor instructors?

ABSTRACT

Background: Over the past 10 years, research has started to investigate the pedagogic practices of instructors and coaches working in adventure sports settings. Outdoor instructors face particular challenges regarding the impact the dynamic environment has on the coaching process and their students. This challenging combination of factors obliges the instructor to be agile in response. We propose that this adaptive expertise is characteristic of these factors and that adaptability may be a beneficial focus of outdoor instructor training and education.

Purpose: The major aim was to identify if adaptive expertise is an attribute of outdoor instructors? And if so, what are its characteristics in this context?

Research design and data collection: We applied a mixed methodology to a sample of outdoor instructors (n?=?64). The instructors were asked to complete a quantitative adaptive expertise inventory. We then interviewed a selected sub-sample (n?=?12).

Participants and setting: Quantitative data was collected from outdoor instructors working in the UK (n?=?64). The sample consisted of instructors qualified to work independently with groups in adventurous settings in a range of activities. Qualitative data was collected from a smaller sample (n?=?12) via a series of thematically analysed semi-structured interviews.

Findings: Results suggest that the participating outdoor instructors have high levels of adaptive expertise. A characteristic of that adaptive capacity is a combination of skills revolving around reflection, metacognition, and situational awareness. There were differences, however, between less and more experienced outdoor instructors in their adaptive capacity, with less experienced instructors being adaptive to a lesser extent.

Conclusions: The implication is that further research is worthwhile to examine the development of instructors’ adaptive capacity. The training and education of outdoor instructors requires pedagogic approaches that facilitate and engender adaptability, flexibility and agility in neophyte instructors.     

Linked Data Annotation Without the Pointy Brackets: Introducing Recogito 2

Recogito 2 is an open source annotation tool currently under development by Pelagios, an international initiative aimed at facilitating better linkages between online resources documenting the past. With Recogito 2, we aim to provide an environment for efficient semantic annotation—i.e., the task of enriching content with references to controlled vocabularies—in order to facilitate links between online data. At the same time, we address a perceived gap in the performance of existing tools, by emphasizing the development of mechanisms for manual intervention and editorial control that support the curation of quality data. While Recogito 2 provides an online workspace for general-purpose document annotation, it is particularly well-suited for geo-annotation, in other words annotating documents with references to gazetteers, and supports the annotation of both texts and images (i.e., digitized maps). Already available for testing at http://recogito.pelagios.org, its formal release to the public occurred in December 2016.     

近代中国大学教师的资格检定与聘任

大学教师的专业化水平是大学教育现代化程度的重要指标之一。中国近代大学教师的资格检定与聘任制度既是保证大学教师朝专业化方向发展的外部强制性力量,同时也是其专业化程度的重要指标。中国近代大学从创办之时起,其教师任职资格的检定与聘任制度经历了清末的教师资格检定制度之缺失与聘任的随意性时期,民初的教师资格检定与聘任中的"大学自治"与校长集权时期,20世纪20年代末至抗战前的逐渐"规范化"时期,30年代末至40年代末的"制度化"时期的几个发展阶段,在不同的发展阶段,政府、学术团体、大学自身都曾起着不同的作用。