Skeleton

The aim of this study was to characterize sprint ability, anthropometry, and lower extremity power in the US National Team Skeleton athletes. Fourteen athletes (male n = 7; mean ± SD: height 1.794 ± 0.063 m, body mass 81.2 ± 3.7 kg, age 26.9 ± 4.1 years; female n = 7; 1.642 ± 0.055 m, 60.1 ± 5.9 kg, 27.3 ± 6.9 years) volunteered to participate. Sprinting ability was measured over multiple intervals using custom infrared timing gates in both an upright and a crouched sprint. The crouched sprint was performed while pushing a wheeled‐simulated skeleton sled on rails on an outdoor skeleton and bobsleigh start track. Crouched skeleton sprint starts were able to achieve about 70% to 85% of the upright sprint times. The mean somatotype ratings for females were: 3.5‐3.5‐2.1, and males: 3.6‐4.9‐1.9. Lower extremity strength and power were measured via vertical jumps on a portable force platform using squat and countermovement jumps, and jumps with added mass. Jump height, power, rate of force development and peak force were determined from force‐time data. Lower extremity strength and power were strongly correlated with both upright and crouched sprint times. The results indicated that these athletes are strong sprinters with varying body structures, mostly mesomorphic, and that stronger and more powerful athletes tend to be better starters.     

怎样做一个尽职尽责的校长

作为一名大学校长,他必须足够熟悉校长最重要的几项任务：首先,大学校长必须捍卫质疑和探索的自由,这是在大学各个机构里工作的教职工从事教学、学术研究,提高职业道德和满足自我尊重的基础。其次,大学校长必须为大学的发展积累和发掘资源,无论是在艰苦还是繁荣时期。他必须致力于保持高水平的教学质量以确保当代人才的培养,不能对这代学生以及以后学生受教育的质量构成威胁。当然,大学校长必须使大学摆脱可能会产生认为自己已经很优秀的这种自满倾向。他必须唤醒各个学院的院长和教职工以及所有与大学紧紧相联的人员为实现其大学所能够达到的奋斗目标而努力。     

Priming institutional change through effective project management:A case study of the Chic project

This paper explores how learning and teaching innovations undertaken by externally funded projects, with a fixed remit and lifecycle, can be integrated successfully into institutional educational developments. The example and methods of one particular project, in embedding its work within and relating it to the context of wider, nationally-promoted educational designs, is utilized to illustrate the possibilities for fostering institutional change. Such change relies upon working to promote a climate whose norms support a culture of trust, where team-working can forge a broader ownership of innovation     

The history of citizenship education in England

The publication of the Crick report (1998) on citizenship education and the subsequent Order for implementing the compulsory status of the topic for Key Stages 3 and 4 have generated considerable comment. However, the historical background to this development has been only sketchily treated. This article attempts to provide a little more detail, to suggest a framework of analysis to illuminate the history and to indicate the relevance of this past experience for current work. The analytical framework is provided by the identification of five factors that have shaped the evolution of citizenship education in England. These are: the lack of central guidance and reliance on private initiatives; the extension of the franchise and the issue of maturity; social class and examination structures; war and peace; Empire and Commonwealth.