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631.
Although there are no sex differences in general intelligence, reliable differences are found on some tests of cognitive abilities. Many of the tasks that assess the ability to manipulate visual images in working memory show an advantage for males, whereas many of the tasks that require retrieval from long-term memory and the acquisition and use of verbal information show a female advantage. Large effects favoring males are also found on advanced tests of mathematical achievement, especially with highly select samples. Males are also overrepresented in some types of mental retardation. Effects sizes are variable and often large. These differences are generally found cross-culturally and across the life span. The nature–nurture dichotomy is rejected as an interpretive framework. In light of recent findings that environmental variables alter the biological underpinnings of intelligence and individuals actively participate in creating their environments, we prefer a psychobiosocial model for understanding sex differences in intelligence. 相似文献
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Diane Sookyoung Lee Tina G. Dang Jennifer Ulibas-Pascual Kimberly A. Gordon Biddle Brian Heller de Leon Deborah Elliott Josiah Gorter 《The Urban Review》2017,49(5):707-728
The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of a local afterschool program in helping underserved elementary school students improve their reading achievement. The study followed a cohort of students with 28 participants who were low-income, ethnic minority children in the 1st–6th grades between the ages of 6 and 12. Data on students’ developmental assets and school progress were collected at two different time points. Overall, students showed increased perceptions of efficacy about having the ability and skills to do well on a task and getting good grades in school, as well as improvements in reading achievement over time. While changes in homework completion predicted changes in reading achievement, changes in efficacy beliefs and program exposure did not. Results suggest that teacher perceptions of homework completion may be an important pathway through which afterschool programs can help narrow the reading achievement gap experienced by ethnic minority students from disadvantaged backgrounds. 相似文献
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Diane E. Mack Philip M. Wilson Katie E. Gunnell 《International review of sport and exercise psychology》2017,10(1):212-229
Whether physical activity is linked with improvements in well-being in individuals living with osteoporosis remains a source of debate within the literature. The purpose of this review is to synthesize relevant literature to more fully address the relationship between physical activity and well-being in individuals living with osteoporosis. Guided by study inclusion criteria, a total of 17 quantitative studies were coded for review. Considerable heterogeneity was found between studies when examining the well-being instrumentation and physical activity characteristics used by study authors. A central finding was that physical activity is associated with increased well-being across the bulk of existing studies retained for analysis, with benefits noted particularly for markers linked to physical functioning. This review further highlights how decisions made by researchers have implications for study conclusions and can render any synthesis of this literature a challenge. As such, recommendations for future studies are advanced that span issues linked to the measurement and conceptualization of well-being and physical activity and the analytic decisions made by researchers. Finally, heightened attention to the mechanisms through which physical activity may be linked with well-being outcomes is needed. Given the importance of well-being outcomes, researchers are encouraged to adopt these recommendations in an effort to advance the literature. 相似文献
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我国国民健康满意度的调查与分析 总被引:2,自引:1,他引:1
通过对全国14个省市不同类别人口进行了健康满意度社会调查,调查结果显示:第一,我国国民对健康满意度处于较低水平,"非常满意"和"满意"之和为59.3%;对个人未来健康期望度较高,为70.5%.与社会发展的其他指标满意度比较,对"我国人口健康"满意度在社会发展的19项指标中,排在第18位.满意度最低的是对"我国人口素质",排在第19位.第二,健康满意度越高,对社会和生活的满意度也越高.第三,国民对体育活动开展的满意率远远低于对体育与健康的期望率,多数国民对我国体育活动的开展情况处于不满意或模糊的状态,而对体育的期望值很高. 相似文献
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Evenson KR Catellier DJ Gill K Ondrak KS McMurray RG 《Journal of sports sciences》2008,26(14):1557-1565
A calibration study was conducted to determine the threshold counts for two commonly used accelerometers, the ActiGraph and the Actical, to classify activities by intensity in children 5 to 8 years of age. Thirty-three children wore both accelerometers and a COSMED portable metabolic system during 15 min of rest and then performed up to nine different activities for 7 min each, on two separate days in the laboratory. Oxygen consumption was measured on a breath-by-breath basis, and accelerometer data were collected in 15-s epochs. Using receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) analysis, cutpoints that maximised both sensitivity and specificity were determined for sedentary, moderate and vigorous activities. For both accelerometers, discrimination of sedentary behaviour was almost perfect, with the area under the ROC curve at or exceeding 0.98. For both the ActiGraph and Actical, the discrimination of moderate (0.85 and 0.86, respectively) and vigorous activity (0.83 and 0.86, respectively) was acceptable, but not as precise as for sedentary behaviour. This calibration study, using indirect calorimetry, suggests that the two accelerometers can be used to distinguish differing levels of physical activity intensity as well as inactivity among children 5 to 8 years of age. 相似文献