XML:图书馆的战略时机

ＸＭＬ（可扩展标示语言）以它用于数据和文件交换的万能格式而迅速地获得各界的青睐。事实上，ＸＭＬ正在成为信息时代的通用语言。目前由于互联网的飞速发展，“图书馆信息”已处于很不利的状况。为什么？尽管图书馆已经开发了联网目录，进行了特定馆藏的电子扫描工作、数字数据的收藏，以及建立了丰富的网页，但是图书馆信息与网络信息仍然保留着“数字分离”状况。图书馆收藏的数据信息的核心是以一体化图书馆系统所有的形式以及以ＭＡＲＣ格式存贮的。无论是图书馆系统形式，还是ＭＡＲＣ格式，它们的使用主要局限于技术服务部和系统图…     

Making history relevant to students by connecting past,present and future: a framework for research

History teaching usually focuses on understanding the past as an aim in itself. Research shows that many students don’t see the point of this and perceive history as not very useful. Yet history plays a major role in the orientation on present and future. If students fail to see this, the question arises whether this is due to a lack of explicit attention in history classes on the application of knowledge about the past to the present and the future. This article explores two questions: (1) If history is to be more relevant to students, what kind of objectives should play a central role in history teaching? (2) What kinds of teaching strategies align with these objectives in history teaching? The first question is answered by means of historical and educational theory. The second is answered by exploring a number of teaching strategies that have been described in the literature, as well as a small-scale experiment conducted by the authors. This article aims at providing a basis for developing meaningful history curricula as well as for research into educational strategies which can be deployed to teach students how to make connections between past, present and future.     

Evaluating instructional software: A simplified model

This article describes the evaluation of a simplified version of the new software evaluation model proposed by Reiser and Dick (1990). This approach to evaluation of instructional software focuses upon the collection of performance data to determine the extent to which students learn the skills the software is designed to teach. In two field evaluations of instructional software packages, it was found that use of the simplified software evaluation model generally produced evaluative conclusions similar to those reached using the original, more complex model. It was also found that student learning data did not support the high ratings assigned by subjective software evaluation services. These findings support the use of the simplified model by teachers and media specialists who have limited time and resources, and stress the need for local on-site evaluation efforts.     

A History of Private School Choice

This article reviews the history of private school choice, from the colonial era to 2012. Taking as its approach an examination of program creation, prominent school choice court cases, and school choice research, the article finds that the evolution of choice has been an iterative process in which legislatures and courts have established constitutionally acceptable structures and procedures of choice. This review also finds that proponents’ philosophical and theoretical underpinnings for choice have appeared to shift over time from the position of freedom to economic arguments of educational marketplaces, competitive effects, and increased student achievement.     

What is meant by inclusion? On the effects of different definitions on attitudes toward inclusive education

ABSTRACT

Aiming to further our knowledge about what is meant by inclusion, we examined how various conceptualisations relate to people's attitudes about inclusive education. We assign the varying characterisations of inclusion of specific groups with differing involvement in the education system in Luxembourg, applying an influential systematisation of definitions of inclusion in which four qualitatively different categories are identified. Results of study 1 showed that members of the general population, pre-service and in-service teachers perceive inclusive education in importantly different ways. Although results showed relatively positive attitudes toward inclusive education for the whole sample, attitudes varied by group and in relation to the differential categorisation of definitions. As teachers' attitudes and the extent to which they feel prepared to implement inclusive practice are crucial for the success of inclusive education, the latter aspect is further investigated in study 2. Results showed that teachers with more in-depth understanding of inclusive education reported more positive attitudes and felt better prepared to implement inclusive practices. Implications for education systems and society are discussed.     

Extended analyses: finding deep structure in standard high school mathematics

This paper describes an approach for pre-service or in-service mathematics education that teaches sophisticated mathematics using only the tools of high school mathematics. The idea is to start with a standard problem from high school mathematics and let the solution to this problem serve as a platform for asking good mathematical questions and searching for deeper mathematical structure beyond the obvious “answer” to the question. Surprisingly, it turns out that high school mathematics is remarkably open to this sort of analysis, and the results are more interesting mathematically than one might initially think.