Analysis of FIFA referees and assistant referees’ motivational factors towards the Multimedia Teaching Materials

The aim of our study is to improve the understanding of the different behavioral intentions of referees and assistant referees in different FIFA (International Federation of Association Football) confederations towards Multimedia Teaching Materials as learning tools. To achieve this goal, we carry out a survey of 214 elite referees and assistant referees and we propose a research model with the variables perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, perceived enjoyment, perceived self-efficacy, multimedia instruction, previous experience with technology and self-paced learning. These variables were taken from previous educational technology research. Among these models we mainly take into account the Technology Acceptance Model, the Motivational Model and the Social Cognitive Theory. To assess the relationships between the constructs, we develop an analysis based on a Structural Equation Modeling (SEM), specifically Partial Least Squares (PLS). The results of this study confirm that referees and assistant referees are willing to use Multimedia Teaching Materials to assist them in their learning activities as long as they perceive the materials to be useful, enjoyable and easy to use and whenever the course contents are multimedia.     

What are Middle School Students Talking About During Clicker Questions? Characterizing Small-Group Conversations Mediated by Classroom Response Systems

There is a growing interest in using classroom response systems or clickers in science classrooms at both the university and K-12 levels. Typically, when instructors use this technology, students are asked to answer and discuss clicker questions with their peers. The existing literature on using clickers at the K-12 level has largely focused on the efficacy of clicker implementation, with few studies investigating collaboration and discourse among students. To expand on this work, we investigated the question: Does clicker use promote productive peer discussion among middle school science students? Specifically, we collected data from middle school students in a physical science course. Students were asked to answer a clicker question individually, discuss the question with their peers, answer the same question again, and then subsequently answer a new matched-pair question individually. We audio recorded the peer conversations to characterize the nature of the student discourse. To analyze these conversations, we used a grounded analysis approach and drew on literature about collaborative knowledge co-construction. The analysis of the conversations revealed that middle school students talked about science content and collaboratively discussed ideas. Furthermore, the majority of conversations, both ones that positively and negatively impacted student performance, contained evidence of collaborative knowledge co-construction.     

Counselling Families Affected by Socio-Political Factors and Economic Hardships

This article discusses the contemporary stressful situations faced by families in many parts of the developing world due to war and armed conflicts and displacement of families due to mega development projects. While it highlights that both lead to impoverishment of people, it points out that the basic differences in the situation of families facing war and armed conflicts and displacement due to development projects, and outlines a few broad contexts of counselling when working with victims of war and displaces of development projects.     

The moderating influence of instructional intensity and word type on the acquisition of academic vocabulary in young English language learners

This study used a within-subjects design to explore two instructional conditions for developing vocabulary in second-grade Spanish-speaking English learners (ELs)—extended instruction and embedded instruction implemented during shared interactive reading. Words assigned to the extended condition were directly taught using a multifaceted approach that included visuals, bilingual definitions, examples, spelling, and partner-talk about the words’ meaning. Words assigned to the embedded condition were taught solely through brief definitions to embedded text, writing activities, and songs. In the control condition students heard the target words read aloud during shared interactive reading but without definitions or direct instruction. The study also explored the interaction between instructional condition and word type. Four types of words—abstract cognates, abstract noncognates, concrete cognates, and concrete noncognates—were randomly assigned to each condition. Nine teachers in four schools and 187 second-grade ELs participated in this within-subjects intervention, which took place in transitional bilingual classrooms. Findings indicated that across all word types, both extended and embedded instruction were more effective than the control condition in helping ELs acquire vocabulary. Findings also indicated that extended instruction was more effective then embedded instruction for all word types except concrete cognates suggesting that these young Spanish-speaking ELs were advantaged by word knowledge in their home language. Finally, while embedded instruction was less effective than extended instruction, it was much more effective than a control condition. Embedded instruction takes significantly less preparation and instructional time than extended instruction, offering teachers a practical way to teach more vocabulary to ELs.     

The Civil Rights Commission Must Persist

Columnist George Will and others have questioned the continuing need for a federal civil rights commission, because civil rights protections have been on the books since 1964. The chairman of the Commission, Gerald Reynolds, here responds that practitioners of critical legal theory, advocates of the Akaka-Secession bill, some proponents of diversity, and others like them may make the continued existence of his commission a necessity.     

Crossword

The first part carries the answers to the crossword on cell that appeared in the October 2018 issue of Resonance while the second part contains a new crossword on nucleic acids.