80 Jahre vollakademische Sportlehrerausbildung

On 1 August 1929 the Prussian Minister of Education enacted a regulation establishing“exercise and physical education” as an academic field of study to be offered at all universities and institutes of technology under his jurisdiction. This action served to successfully complete the process that had been evolving since the middle of the nineteenth century to recognize the discipline as a university level specialty in the face of considerable longstanding opposition. The gravest forms of opposition emanated from the universities themselves and starting in the middle of the 1920s were ultimately overcome by proceedings and argumentation. These circumstances are described in this contribution based on accessing and evaluating new sources. The central focus is on a memorandum written in February 1929 by the Göttingen University physical education lecturer Bernhard Zimmermann. The article concludes by classifying and assessing the act of 1929 with a view to the further development of the academic education of sports instructors in the ensuing era of National Socialism and the postwar period in West Germany and the Federal Republic of Germany.     

Was macht den Sport zum Mediensport?

The popularity of sports varies to different extents around the world and leads to the question: what is a media sport? This contribution discusses definitional principles with the goal of using a model to establish the basis of categorization for future empirical analysis of diverse sports types. Media sports are defined as characteristic of movement structures in the culturally differentiated media sports complex. Features of media sports are distinguished according to the dimensions of context, organization, and (interactive) structure. It becomes clear that media sports types are not only characterized by cultural grounding, success, and charismatic stars, but can also exhibit structural distinctions. In conclusion, real, media-driven, and medial media sports are differentiated to demonstrate application of the model.     

Effect of a pedometer-based intervention on daily step counts of community-dwelling older adults

This study investigated the effect of a 12-week pedometer-based intervention on daily step counts of 147 older adults randomly assigned to an intervention or wait-list control group (M age = 72.9 years, SD = 8.8). The intervention group significantly increased their daily step counts after 12 weeks (M=639, SD=2239) and continued to significantly increase during a 12-week maintenance period (M=680, SD=1721). The control group exhibited no change during the control period (M = -393, SD=2050) but had a significant increase in daily step counts (M=1580, SD=2305) when enrolled in the intervention. The pedometer-based intervention was effective in increasing participants' daily step counts.     

‘Second death’, or revival of the ‘third world’ in the context of neo‐liberal globalization

Abstract

This paper tries to analyze the historical change in the Third World in its emergent stage, in the authoritarian stage and in the current democratic stage and, thereafter, find a way to revive the Bandung spirit in the current globalization context. I define the Bandung spirit as one of a ‘non‐aligned self‐helped “organization against” the dominant powerful countries’; that is, spirit of ‘anti‐predominance’. This spirit has emerged on the base of such domestic orientation and realities as economic self‐reliance, nationally integrated political regime, convergence of the state and civil society around anti‐colonialism. However, according to intensification of the Cold War confrontation on the international level and its centrifugal influence, the early Third World changed to a ‘new’ authoritarian Third World. The Third World in this stage could be characterized by an exclusive authoritarian political regime, dependent‐developmentalist economic orientation and coercively repressed and mobilized, in the top‐down way, civil society. This authoritarian Third World began to be confronted with a strong struggle from the bottom for democratization. In order for democratization of the Third World to become its true revival in the context of globalization, the following tasks should be considered. First, the democratic Third World should be a great driving force for the institutionalization of the transnational public regulatory mechanism. Second, the democratic Third World countries try to go over a kind of ‘transformed’ dependent development strategy. Third, democratization should go along with recovery of political inclusiveness and openness of the state to civil society’s demands. Thereafter, I tried to construct globalist re‐interpretation of the Bandung, by way of conceptualizing the current globalization as imperial globalization, unlike the imperialist globalization which the historical Bandung wanted to confront. I argue that the Bandung spirit of collective self‐help organizations against the newly emerging dominant order should be revived in this worse imperial globalization context. In addition, I argue that a nationalist resistance is also one component of the multiple resistances in the current imperial globalization.