日本實業補習教育近况

日本文部省職業教育局近嘗調查補習學校實施職業教練之成效。及其進展之程度。蓋日本改府發展其教育制度而致力於此點。已歷多年。而其制定職業教練之规程。亦且在一般西方国家討論此問題之前也。一八九○年。日本頒佈尋常小學校令。同時卽頒佈實業補習學校規程。越三年。又別頒一種規程。至一九○二年加以修正。但现在之制度     

歐洲高等以下農業教育概狀

波兰波蘭教育以南部西部为最发达·中等農業學校分佈於其各邨落者·約有四十所·各擁大宗農場·以为表演試驗之所·承郡政府之管轄·而受國庫之補助·入学年龄十二歲至十六岁·通常四年畢業·每校容學生自六十名以至一百名·波蘭小學課程·鄉邨與都市絕異·鄉邨小学以來學者之將來·类为農民·故教授趨重于农艺·一面在師範學较加入农业選科·俾鄉邨小學     

德国职业指导

Marx對於職业指導頗为留心,此文報告德國去年職業指導概况,極为中肯,用特译出,以供參考。     

伦敦补习教育概况

英人对于补习教育年来极为注意.推原其故.约有数端.普通知识程度提高。一也.个人愿望扩大.二也.职业与地位之竞争加烈.三也.欲利用余暇时间.从事有趣味之研究.四也.受欧洲大战教训.对于日常事物.希望取得广博之认识.五也.行政当局谋所以适应此要求.则对于补习教育之设施.力加推广.而以伦敦尤为发达.兹就其含有职业教育性质者述之.此项补习教育.即基于上述第二原因而成立.更占重要地位.     

职业测验

万特克先生为美国工业专家任南洋大学.土木科科长多年.现任无锡实业学校校长.以东吴第四中学改组.分设机械工科.木工科.又规办建筑部.木材部.以营业收入.补充校费.对于提倡我国职业教育.甚具热忱.常与本社讨论关于职业教育方面种种问     

缄默之卖货手

广告:方法与心理广告为今日营业上一大问题.此事果有利乎.其人类之恩物欤.抑负擔欤.其增加商品之价值欤.抑减少欤.能依科学性之定律而行之如一种艺术乎.是促进文明之主动耶.抑仅为一种营业之使费耶.广告信为今世文明民族共同从事之最普通活动.要亦为古代遗规.如滂贝Pompeii(意大利古城)即有如今日纽约之沿途广告画.     

工场教员与三种工场教授法

教授为各种教员之主要业务.工场教员自亦不在例外.惟工场教员如实验室科学教员.尤须负组织及经理之责.盖工场之设备.少则值数百圆.多则达数千数万圆.是其保管维护.均工场教员一身.万一失于捡贴.势必损坏而失其效用.故为工场教员.须谨慎精细.同时工场教师亦为购货主任.凡工场所需之工具.材料等等.均应由工场教员随时调查.供给支配.此亦须特殊之知识与能力者也.于是我人     

两个从仆人升到总理的成功人

怎样爬升到极顶.这便是一个要教那纽约两位营业界人物答复的问题.他们俩都是从楼梯底下慢慢儿走到顶上去的.新近都当选了他们公司的领袖.所以他们自己讲历年的进程.很有价值.这两个人中的一人.在十七岁时候.便从苏格兰渡海到美国.要试探他的幸运.他起先做一家公司里的听差.还有一人.从二十一岁到纽约.身边只有一枝速记用的铅笔和一本记事簿.他们都是用自己力量     

Elite football on artificial turf versus natural grass: movement patterns, technical standards, and player impressions

The aim of the present study was to examine the movement patterns, ball skills, and the impressions of Swedish elite football players during competitive games on artificial turf and natural grass. Time - motion analyses (36 observations) and technical analyses (16 team observations) were performed and 72 male and 21 female players completed a questionnaire. No differences were observed between artificial turf and natural grass in terms of total distance covered (mean 10.19 km, s = 0.19 vs. 10.33 km, s = 0.23), high-intensity running (1.86 km, s = 0.10 vs. 1.87 km, s = 0.14), number of sprints (21, s = 1 vs. 22, s = 2), standing tackles (10, s = 1 vs. 11, s = 1) or headers per game (8, s = 1 vs. 8, s = 1), whereas there were fewer sliding tackles (P < 0.05) on artificial turf than natural grass (2.1, s = 0.5 vs. 4.3, s = 0.6). There were more short passes (218, s = 14 vs. 167, s = 12) and midfield-to-midfield passes (148, s = 11 vs. 107, s = 8) (both P < 0.05) on artificial turf than natural grass. On a scale of 0-10, where 0 = "better than", 5 = "equal to", and 10 = "worse than", the male players reported a negative overall impression (8.3, s = 0.2), poorer ball control (7.3, s = 0.3), and greater physical effort (7.2, s = 0.2) on artificial turf than natural grass. In conclusion, the running activities and technical standard were similar during games on artificial turf and natural grass. However, fewer sliding tackles and more short passes were performed during games on artificial turf. The observed change in playing style could partly explain the male players' negative impression of artificial turf.     

Energy balance of locomotion with pedal-driven watercraft

In this study, we examined the mechanics and energetics of locomotion with a paddle-wheel boat and a water bike. Power output (Wtot) was measured directly on the water bike by means of an instrumented chain-ring. The simultaneous assessment of oxygen uptake (VO2) allowed the computation of the "overall" efficiency of locomotion (etao = Wtot/VO2). Mean etao was 0.27 (s = 0.02), which was unaffected by the speed, and was assumed to be the same for the two boats as both are semi-recumbent bicycles. For the paddle-wheel boat, Wtot was then obtained from etao and measures of VO2. The power to overcome (passive) drag was calculated as Wd = D x v (where D is the force measured by means of a load cell when towing the boats at given speeds). Propelling efficiency was calculated as etap = Wd/Wtot, which was lower with the paddle-wheel boat (mean 0.35, s = 0.01) than with the water bike (mean 0.57, s = 0.01). The observed differences in etap and Wd explain why at the highest speed tested (approximately 3 m s(-1), the energy required to cover a unit distance with the water bike is similar to that required to move the paddle-wheel boat at 1.3 m s-1).