A NEW APPROACH TO THE PROBLEM OF CHANGING INITIAL RESPONSES TO MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

The hypothesis that it is unwise to change answers to multiple choice questions was tested using the technique of multiple regression analysis. The net number of correct answers as a result of changing responses was regressed against final grade in the course, numeric score on the exam, percent of total answers changed for all questions and for analytical questions, sex of the student, and scope of the exam.
The results show that there are gains to be made by changing responses. The variables which proved to be significant indicated that students who did well on the test changed a large percentage of answers, and that those who were taking a final exam tended to gain more. Final grades, sex of the student, and analytical questions had no significant impact on gains from changing responses. On the basis of the results gathered, the authors reject the hypothesis that changing responses is unwise.     

Graduate Students in Education: A Comparison of Counselor,Supervisor, and Teacher Candidates

Male and female graduate students majoring in counseling and guidance were compared with their peers specializing in supervision or a teaching field. Significant differences among subgroups of both sexes were observed on both intellective and nonintellective variables. Male counselor candidates were more clearly differentiated from noncounseling majors than female counselor candidates. However, the similarities among categories of graduate students in education were more striking than the differences. It appeared that groups of education students differed more markedly from men and women in general than from each other. It was suggested that groups of individuals who have completed a bachelor's degree in education are significantly better adjusted than men and women in general and that differences among large subgroups of graduate students in education tend to be small because teachers are not a normal sample.     

A Knowledge Based Tool for Imparting Planning Expertise

The need for inclusion of process planning techniques in the engineering curriculum is discussed and some of the present barriers to its implementation reviewed. A process planning tool is described which utilises expert systems methods to impart planning expertise. The system displays many of the features associated with planning experts and is capable of handling a wide range of learning situations.

RESUME Cet article examine la nécessite de comprendre dans la programme d'études d'ingénieur les techniques de planning de procédé. II considère aussi des obstacles actuels à cette réalisation. Une technique de planning de procédé se décrit qui utilise des methodes de systèms spécialistes pour transmettre l'habileté du planning. Cette technique montre plusieurs des caracteristiques associées avec les experts de planning et offert la possibilityé de traiter un grand choix de situations instructives     

Counseling Self-Efficacy and Counseling Competence in Prepracticum Training

Counseling self-efficacy and counseling skills were examined over time in a graduate prepracticum class. Efficacy increased with training, but its relationship to performance of skills was weak.     

Babies overboard! The complexities of incorporation culturally relevant teaching into mathematics instruction

A collective case study guided by reconceptualized critical theory explored the teaching of four elementary teachers as they incorporated a model of culturally relevant teaching into their mathematics instruction at four predominantly Black schools in Bermuda. The study examined how teachers sought to (a) foster critical mathematical thinking and critical consciousness, (b) build on informal mathematical and cultural knowledge; and (c) utilize empowerment orientations toward students' culture and experience. The teachers embraced culturally relevant teaching but varied in their efforts to incorporate these perspectives into instruction. Four facets of their teaching are illuminated. These complexities included situations were teaching focused on sustaining empowered relationships;building on or to students' cultural knowledge; and fostering critical thinking as framed in the model, or personal definitions. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

野外求生装备

不要对电影《触及颠峰》出现的情况心神不宁，别紧张。无论是在山区还是草原，现代化的装备可以让你在野外保持干燥、安全和充足的营养。带上我们介绍的装备和经验去野外吧，我们保证你不会沦为衣不蔽体的原始人……     

Mastering as an Inferentialist Alternative to the Acquisition and Participation Metaphors for Learning

A tension has been identified between the acquisition and participation metaphors for learning, and it is generally agreed that this tension has still not been adequately resolved. In this paper, we offer an alternative to the acquisition and participation metaphors for learning: the metaphor of mastering. Our claim is that the mastering metaphor, as grounded in inferentialism, allows one to treat both the acquisition and participation dimensions of learning as complementary and mutually constitutive. Inferentialism is a semantic theory which explains concept formation in terms of the inferences individuals make in the context of an intersubjective practice of acknowledging, attributing, and challenging one another's commitments. We first introduce the key concepts of inferentialism and consider the perspective on learning that inferentialism inspires. Then, we condense the lessons of the inferentialist concepts into a single mastering metaphor for learning and argue that learning consists in the process by which learners come to master concepts and practices. We conclude by discussing how the mastering metaphor could be put to work in a theoretical reconciliation of the cognitive and sociocultural dimensions of learning.