AN INVESTIGATION OF AN EXTENSION OF ITEM SAMPLING WHICH YIELDS INDIVIDUAL SCORES1

The sampling procedures were designed so that the full matrix of item variances and covariances could be estimated. Three subtest sizes were investigated- subtests of size five, nine and sixteen items. In each of these implementations a double cross validation was used yielding two predicted scores for each individual. Discrepancy measures were also computed showing the difference between the observed and the predicted scores. The prediction of individual scores was accomplished within various ranges of error. The correlations between predicted scores and observed scores ranged from the .70′s to the .90′s, depending on the number of predictor variables used. The procedure is applicable in situations in which large numbers of individuals are tested or in situations where multiple measures are taken.     

The Arts and People in Institutions

The paper explores an important area of arts activity which falls between concepts of education and therapy. It examines the consequence of the increasing professionalisation of the arts in institutions which took place between 1950 and 1980, showing how it led to all arts activities in institutional settings being classified as therapy, training or rehabilitation. It charts the changes in attitude which have taken place over the past fifteen years and demonstrates that whilst freedom to become involved in creative activity should be seen as a basic human right, such engagement may, as a by-product, offer benefits of a therapeutic, educational, social, recreational and commercial nature. Important and innovatory work is being carried out by artists working on creative projects with people in institutions and effective techniques are being developed by them in order to draw adults, with no previous experience of this kind of activity, into arts education.     

Field Supervision of Counselors in Training: A Survey of the North Atlantic Region

Most of the research on supervision has focused on supervisors in academic institutions (faculty members or doctoral students). In this article the authors describe a study in which they examined supervisors in community agencies where master's level counselors were assigned for practicum and internship training. The survey suggested that agencies were heavily invested in supervising graduate level counseling students and providing them with a rich clinical experience. Respondents typically had a master's degree, used various models of supervision, and provided feedback by means of self-report and audiotape or videotape review of counseling sessions. Results suggest that these supervisors had little contact with the concurrent academic supervisor and may have had little formal training in supervision. Implications of this survey include a need for more training for supervisors in graduate counseling programs and a need for more liaison between campus and field supervisors.     

A NOTE ON THE RELATIVE SIZES OF THE STANDARD ERRORS OF TWO RELIABILITY ESTIMATES

Formulas for the standard error of a parallel-test correlation and for the Kuder-Richardson formula 20 reliability estimate are provided. Given equal values of the two reliabilities in the population, the standard error of the Kuder-Richardson formula 20 is shown to be somewhat smaller than the standard error of a parallel-test correlation for reliability values, sample sizes, and test lengths that are usually encountered in practice.