Evidence for the role of higher order reasoning processes in cue competition and other learning phenomena

When people judge the contingency between a target cue and an outcome, they also take into account the contingency between the outcome and other cues with which the target cue co-occurred. Several authors have argued that such cue competition effects are due to higher order reasoning processes. We review the evidence that supports this hypothesis and discuss whether higher order reasoning might also play a role in other learning phenomena.     

Author Index

Author Index

Author Index     

半环R上的L-Fuzzy左(右)理想及性质

定义了半环R上的L Fuzzy左 (右 )理想 ,讨论了其上的一些性质     

论罪刑法定原则和刑罚个别化原则

罪刑法定原则和刑罚个别化原则是现代刑法两大基本原则，罪刑法定原则遵循的是严格规则主义，而刑罚个别化原则则要求司法的自由裁量权，这两大原则本质上是相互对立的。然而，由于各种因素的作用。两大原则逐渐出现折衷调和的趋势，主要表现在罪刑法定原则吸收刑罚个别比原则的合理因素，由绝对走向相对，而刑罚个别化原则是在罪刑法定框架内的自由裁量。     

Secondary schools included: a literature review

For over a decade, inclusive discourse comprises the development of a school for all, both in primary and in secondary education. Facing long-standing barriers for effective comprehensive education, secondary schools show specific interests, strengths and needs in a school-wide movement towards inclusion. Reviewing literature of recent research in inclusion in secondary schools (2000–2012), current interests represent inclusive culture, policy and practices, although the balance between each of these dimensions is unequal. A large number of studies report on attitudes towards inclusion, followed by inclusive practice. A lower number of studies deal with policy issues. Staff attitudes towards inclusion, access to the general curriculum, peer support, self-determination strategies and collaborative practices in specific subject areas were identified as major topics of investigation. Considerable attention has also been paid to peer attitudes, self-advocacy and student grouping. While the adolescent perspective is emphasised, little room is left for parental involvement. Also, the central role of administrators and professional development of staff has been underexposed in current research on secondary inclusion.     

谈矩阵初等变换的独立性

本文讨论矩阵的三种初等变换的独立性.     

社会期待的位移与高等教育经营范式的转换

自扩招政策出台以来,我国高等教育发展在短短五年时间里,实现了一次历史性的跨越,高等教育总体规模扩大了一倍,并从精英化阶段过渡到大众化阶段。随着扩招工作的不断推进,关于"质量滑坡"、"大学生过剩"的警示与担忧十分强烈,从而引发高等教育社会期待的转变。包括高等学校办学指导思想、教育教学质量标准、培养方式等方面在内的经营范式的转换,成为制约我国高等教育发展亟待解决的根本性问题。     

二维正方晶格Ising模型的重整化群计算

用实空间重整化群方法计算二维正方晶格Ising模型，给出临界温度及临界指数。     

Beeinflusst die Rezession die Integration der Lehrerbildungen? Eine Einladung zur Forschung

Zusammenfassung In diesem Artikel mochten wir einerseits die umstrittene Langewel‐lentheorie beschreiben, die in wirtschaftlichen Kreisen vom Scheinwerfer des Interesses beleuchtet wird. Dabei schenken wir der ebenso umstrittenen Erklärungstheorie Schumpe‐ters fur diese Langewelle unsere besondere Aufmerksamkeit.

Wir legen uns anderseits die Frage vor, ob ein Zusammenhang besteht zwischen dieser Langewelle und den Möglichkeiten, über die man während einer festgesetzten Periode verfügt, um gewisse Innovationen bei der Lehrerbildung einzuführen, zu realisieren und besonders die Kosten dafür zu tragen.

Wir versuchen, unsere Annahme, ‘dass tatsächlich ein solcher Zusammenhang besteht’, zu erläutern mit einer Beschreibung einiger Auffallenden Gegebenheiten der Evolution der (west) deutschen Lehrerbildungen gegen den Hintergrund der Langewelle.

In weiteren Untersuchungen werden wir versuchen, diese provisorisch verfasste aber verantwortbare Annahme zu überprüfen und nachzuweisen. Im Interesse der Sache wäre es zu begrüssen, wenn auch andere Forscher die Folgen fur die Integration der Lehrerbildungen studieren mochten. Wir glauben, eine solche Untersuchung könne gesellschaftlich relevant sein.     

Modeling Partial Knowledge on Multiple‐Choice Items Using Elimination Testing

Single‐best answers to multiple‐choice items are commonly dichotomized into correct and incorrect responses, and modeled using either a dichotomous item response theory (IRT) model or a polytomous one if differences among all response options are to be retained. The current study presents an alternative IRT‐based modeling approach to multiple‐choice items administered with the procedure of elimination testing, which asks test‐takers to eliminate all the response options they consider to be incorrect. The partial credit model is derived for the obtained responses. By extracting more information pertaining to test‐takers’ partial knowledge on the items, the proposed approach has the advantage of providing more accurate estimation of the latent ability. In addition, it may shed some light on the possible answering processes of test‐takers on the items. As an illustration, the proposed approach is applied to a classroom examination of an undergraduate course in engineering science.