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211.
Kevin Hovland and Carol Geary Schneider champion the importance of a twenty‐first‐century liberal education and provide examples of essential learning outcomes that make global and civic learning central and pervasive. 相似文献
212.
213.
Julie A. Holmes 《Learning Environments Research》2011,14(3):263-277
This study examined changes in student motivation and achievement in science during a visit to a university children’s science
museum. The study was based on the pretest–posttest control comparison group design with four treatment groups: control, exhibit,
lesson and exhibit/lesson. The sample consisted of 228 sixth-grade students from a Louisiana public school who were randomly
assigned to one of the four experimental groups. Pretest, posttest and delayed posttest measures of intrinsic motivation and
achievement in science were obtained using the Children’s Academic Intrinsic Motivation Inventory and an achievement test
written to measure areas of science incorporated in the museum exhibits. The data were analysed using a one-way ANOVA, dependent
t tests and Pearson r. Significant differences were found within groups for (1) the lesson group in motivation and (2) the exhibit group in achievement
from pretest to posttest and from posttest to delayed posttest. A significant relationship between level of motivation and
science achievement was revealed for the exhibit group on the delayed posttest. There were no other significant findings to
support that the treatment led to any long-term effects on motivation or achievement within any of the four experimental groups. 相似文献
214.
215.
Jun.-Prof. Dr. Thorsten Schneider 《Zeitschrift für Erziehungswissenschaft》2011,14(3):371-396
In Germany, teachers give a recommendation on the type of school a student should attend after primary school. In some federal states, access to a more demanding school type is restricted to students holding an appropriate recommendation. In a first step, we discuss different theories and approaches as to why a student??s social origin or migration background has an impact on the recommendation, irrespective of school performance. Then we test different hypotheses using data of a combined teacher, student, and parent survey, conducted from the 3rd grade on in Bavaria and Hessen. Overall, we have information on 1.644 students and 147 teachers. We find strong relationships between social origin and school recommendations as teachers take parents?? educational aspirations into account. Students?? positive school behavior has a positive impact on getting a recommendation for a higher school type; however, the influence of parents?? socio-economic status remains. The data show no evidence for children with migration backgrounds facing greater risks of receiving lower recommendations than other children??irrespective of their family language. 相似文献
216.
Identification of distinct units within a continuous flow of human action is fundamental to action processing. Such segmentation
may rest in part on statistical learning. In a series of four experiments, we examined what types of statistics people can
use to segment a continuous stream involving many brief, goal-directed action elements. The results of Experiment 1 showed no evidence for sensitivity to conditional probability, whereas Experiment 2 displayed learning based on joint probability. In Experiment 3, we demonstrated that additional exposure to the input failed to engender sensitivity to conditional probability. However,
the results of Experiment 4 showed that a subset of adults—namely, those more successful at identifying actions that had been seen more frequently than
comparison sequences—were also successful at learning conditional-probability statistics. These experiments help to clarify the mechanisms subserving processing
of intentional action, and they highlight important differences from, as well as similarities to, prior studies of statistical
learning in other domains, including language. 相似文献
217.
In a Pavlovian conditioning situation, an initially neutral stimulus may be made excitatory by nonreinforced presentations
in compound with an established conditioned excitor [i.e., second-order conditioning (SOC)]. The established excitor may be
either a punctate cue or the training context. In four conditioned suppression experiments using rats, we investigated whether
SOC phenomena parallel other cue interaction effects. In Experiment 1, we found that the response potential of a target stimulus
was directly related to the intertrial interval when SOC was mediated by a punctate cue, and inversely related to the intertrial
interval when SOC was mediated by the training context. Experiment 2 demonstrated that punctate- and context-mediated SOC
are oppositely affected by posttraining context extinction, and Experiments 3 and 4 demonstrated that context- and punctate-mediated
SOC are differentially affected by conditioned stimulus (Experiment 3) and unconditioned stimulus (Experiment 4) preexposure
treatments. These findings parallel phenomena in conditioned inhibition and cue competition situations. 相似文献
218.
Attempts at school reform and improvement have experienced difficulty creating and implementing feedback systems that energize
and sustain change efforts. If the call for reform at all levels of education is to be met, attention must be given to establishing
effective feedback mechanisms in educational institutions as they embark on improvement efforts. The purpose of this article
is to describe application of an educational design metaphor to create a Knowledge Management System that provides teachers
with timely and constructive feedback about their professional practice. This system includes the way in which a corpus of
professional knowledge about differentiated content and instruction, classroom grouping, evidence-based practice and classroom
management can be embedded in a set of tools that provides multiple stakeholders (teachers, students, administrators) the
opportunity to generate feedback about instructional practice. Use of the approach is discussed within the broader context
of Knowledge Management as a vehicle to extend the role of feedback in school reform and improvement within a long term pilot
application in one school. 相似文献
219.
220.
Stephen C. Yanchar Bruce W. Gabbitas 《Educational technology research and development : ETR & D》2011,59(3):383-398
This paper presents the concept of critical flexibility as an alternative to eclecticism in instructional design. Eclecticism is often viewed as a persuasive alternative to theoretical
orthodoxy (i.e., rigid use of a single perspective or process) due to the openness and flexibility it purports to offer. In
contrast, the authors argue that eclecticism ignores or discourages critical reflection regarding background understanding
(e.g., implicit assumptions and values) and perpetuates the lack of openness and flexibility commonly associated with orthodoxy.
Critical flexibility, as an alternative to eclecticism, emphasizes an awareness of background understanding, but construes
it as capable of being explicated, critically examined, adjusted in specific contexts, and refined or developed over time
to facilitate increasingly flexible and effective design practices. The authors clarify the nature of critical flexibility
as a general way of being involved in the design process, suggest how it helps overcome the traditional theory–practice split,
and discuss several of its implications for scholarship and training. 相似文献