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81.
Anthony L. Brown 《The Urban Review》2009,41(5):436-435
Drawing from ethnographic data, this paper explores how African American male teachers working with African American male
students performed their pedagogy. This paper highlights how teachers’ understanding of African American males social and
educational needs shaped their pedagogical performance. Interestingly however, teachers’ performance was contingent on the
diverse ways they imagined African American males should engage within their social and political worlds. These findings suggest
then that African American male teachers’ pedagogic performances were both complex and multifaceted. 相似文献
82.
It is said that “absence makes the heart grow fonder.” But, when and why does an absent event become salient to the heart or to the brain? An absent event may become salient when its nonoccurrence is surprising. Van Hamme and Wasserman (1994) found that a nonpresented but expected stimulus can actually change its associative status—and in the opposite direction from a presented stimulus. Associative models like that of Rescorla and Wagner (1972) focus only on presented cues; so, they cannot explain this result. However, absent cues can be permitted to change their value by assigning different learning parameters to present and absent cues. Van Hamme and Wasserman revised the Rescorla-Wagner model so that the α parameter is positive for present cues, but negative for absent cues; now, changes in the associative strength of absent cues move in the opposite direction as presented ones. This revised Rescorla-Wagner model can thus explain such otherwise vexing empirical findings as backward blocking, recovery from overshadowing, and backward conditioned inhibition. Moreover, the revised model predicts new effects. For example, explicit information about the absence of nonpresented cues should increase their salience (that is, their negative α value should be larger), leading to stronger associative changes than when no explicit mention is made of cue absence. Support for this prediction is detailed in a new causal judgment experiment in which participants rated the effectiveness of different foods’ triggering a patient’s allergic reaction. Overall, these and other findings encourage us to view human causal learning from an associative perspective. 相似文献
83.
We explored response rate as a possible mediator of learned stimulus equivalence. Five pigeons were trained to discriminate
four clip art pictures presented during a 10-sec discrete-trial fixed interval (FI) schedule: two paired with a one-pellet
reinforcer, which supported a low rate of responding, and two paired with a nine-pellet reinforcer, which supported a high
rate of responding. After subjects associated one stimulus from each of these pairs with a discriminative choice response,
researchers presented two new clip art stimuli during a 10-sec FI: one trained with a differential reinforcement of low rate
schedule (DRL) after the FI and the other trained with a differential reinforcement of high rate schedule (DRH) after the
FI. Each of the stimuli that were withheld during choice training was later shown to see if the choice responses would transfer
to these stimuli. The results suggest that response rate alone does not mediate learned stimulus equivalence. 相似文献
84.
Research indicates that affective attitudes such as liking of a subject and confidence in one’s ability within a subject predict
academic performance. Generally, immigrant minority students have positive attitudes and often have low academic performance.
This study examines the self-efficacy and liking of subjects of New Zealand students and analyses the relationship of those
attitudes towards academic performance in mathematics, writing, and reading by self-reported ethnicity. Data were obtained
from the norming samples from the Assessment Tools for Teaching and Learning project in New Zealand. Of special interest are
the relationships between attitude and performance for Pasifika and Tongan students in New Zealand. Tongan and Pasifika students
had positive attitudes, but their mean scores were not significantly different to other ethnic groups except in writing for
Tongan students. Tongan and Pasifika students did have lower academic performance than majority and Asian immigrant students
in all three subjects. The correlation between liking and self-efficacy was fundamentally zero for Tongan and Pasifika students,
while it was weakly positive for majority and Asian immigrant students. Together these results question the power of self-efficacy
and liking attitudes to predict academic performance for immigrant students from agrarian or traditional societies. Further,
the data suggest that ‘school effects’ are most likely explanations for this relationship, rather than lack of attachment,
opposition, or deficiency theories. 相似文献
85.
This longitudinal study of 105 economically disadvantaged children examined the relation between reading problems and internalizing behavior in 3rd- and 5th-grade assessments (8- to 12-year olds). The variable-centered results showed that reading problems predicted change in internalizing behavior in the context of child and family predictors. The person-centered results showed that children with reading problems in both grades had higher internalizing scores in 5th grade but not in 3rd grade than children with reading problems in 3rd grade or no problems. Child-reported negative emotion experiences varied similarly across grade. The results tie reading problems to emotional distress in school and support conclusions about the direction of effects and the internalization of academic difficulty for disadvantaged children. 相似文献
86.
Brown MF Knight-Green MB Lorek EJ Packard C Shallcross WL Wifall T Price T Schumann E 《Learning & behavior》2008,36(4):327-340
In two experiments using a radial-arm maze, pairs of rats made choices among eight maze locations, each containing a large
quantity of one of two food types. The choices made by 1 rat affected the choices made by the other rat. Under most conditions,
visits by 1 rat increased the tendency of the other rat to subsequently choose that maze location. However, the effect depended
on the quality of the food available in a particular location. When it was possible for the rats to observe each other on
the maze arms and a rat had experienced that a location contained the less preferred food type, a previous visit to that location
by the foraging partner decreased the tendency to visit that location. These effects are attributed to working memory for
the spatial choices of another rat, and they indicate that memory produced by a rat’s own visit to a maze location is integrated
with memory for the behavior of another rat to determine spatial choice 相似文献
87.
Evaluating fifth- and sixth-grade students’ expository writing: task development, scoring, and psychometric issues 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Drawing from multiple theoretical frameworks representing cognitive and educational psychology, we present a writing task
and scoring system for measurement of students’ informative writing. Participants in this study were 72 fifth- and sixth-grade
students who wrote compositions describing real-world problems and how mathematics, science, and social studies information
could be used to solve those problems. Of the 72 students, 69 were able to craft a cohesive response that not only demonstrated
planning in writing structure but also elaboration of relevant knowledge in one or more domains. Many-facet Rasch Modeling
(MFRM) techniques were used to examine the reliability and validity of scores for the writing rating scale. Additionally,
comparison of fifth- and sixth-grade responses supported the validity of scores, as did the results of a correlational analysis
with scores from an overall interest measure. Recommendations for improving writing scoring systems based on the findings
of this investigation are provided. 相似文献
88.
89.
The development of three-dimensional learning among all K-12 student demographics remains a prominent goal for the field of science education. However, substantial research in science teacher education for urban populations showcases hurdles to overcome in order to achieve this goal, particularly for elementary teachers. Research shows that urban elementary teachers are often ill-prepared to develop a type of science pedagogy responsive to students' learning needs. The fidelity of such pedagogies that these teachers adhere to when trying to implement such a requested content–relationality between these populations and how their local contexts can be used as sites to learn science in relevant ways are often not fully realized, as well. Given that science achievement gaps exhibit racial disparities starting in primary grades and attitudes toward science have been shown to affect academic achievement and motivation, we argue that one way to ameliorate, in at least an incremental way, this disparity is to design novel learning experiences to prime students to see the relevancy of science in their local contexts before such three-dimensional designed learning is set to occur. In this research, we leveraged the immersive nature of Virtual Reality 360 videos and present a design-based research iteration testing how this novel technologically enhanced learning experience may have influenced close to 400 urban elementary students' attitudes toward science around those attitudes labeled as “behavioral beliefs” by the field. Using a concurrent, convergent mixed-methods design with a two-way multivariate analysis of covariance quantitative data set triangulated with students' qualitative self-reports that were transformed into quantitative preponderances in graphic form, the data support that our design iteration emphasizing the importance of context as a design focus can prime students who struggle to see science as relevant to change their attitudes. Implications are discussed around relationality, novel technological affordances, and the use of local contexts as learning resources. 相似文献
90.
David Evenhouse Nimit Patel Maria Gerschutz Nick A. Stites Jeffrey F. Rhoads Edward Berger 《European Journal of Engineering Education》2018,43(5):664-678
Engineering education has been slow to adopt research-based educational innovations. Few prior works on such adoption have investigated the combined classroom experiences of instructors and students when such innovations are being implemented. Therefore, this work focuses on the lived experiences of an instructor and her students when adopting an active, blended, and collaborative learning environment, known as Freeform, in a second-year dynamics course. Weekly reflections from the instructor were processed alongside student interviews using Thematic Analysis to discern prominent themes in their perspectives for comparison and discussion. The results indicate that the instructor navigated internal tensions between her previous instructional preferences and the philosophy and resources of Freeform. Similarly, students had to adapt to this new philosophy and suite of resources that were uncommon for their institution. Ultimately, this work highlights the contextual natures of teaching and learning, and how situational factors can influence educational innovation. 相似文献