International trends in health science librarianship part 11: Japan and Korea

This is the 11th in a series of articles exploring international trends in health science librarianship. The previous article in this series looked at the Far East (Greater China, Hong Kong and Taiwan). The current issue surveys developments in Japan and Korea. The next issue will explore trends in South Asia (India, Pakistan, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka). Next year all four issues will be devoted to trends in four regions in Africa (Southern Africa, East Africa, West Africa and North Africa. JM     

Between the remnants of colonialism and the insurgence of self-narrative in constructing participatory social maps: towards a land education methodology

This article summarizes a social mapping project conducted by the Environmental Education, Communication and Arts Research Group from the Federal University of Mato Grosso. The primary goals of the project were to map the vulnerable social groups of Mato Grosso, and identify the social and environmental conflicts that put them in situations of risk. The conflicts and dilemmas these groups experience are typically caused by land and water disputes. In turn, the disputes can be traced to the continuance of colonialist forms of political, economic and ecological relations implicit in the prevailing model of development in the region. Supported by the reinvention and application of a new methodology for environmental education, namely the social map, the work illustrates the significance of group identities, self-narratives and interpretive frames, and discusses how social mapping might be used in land education to enable the construction of participatory forms of public policy.     

The effects of different initial restrictive pressures used to reduce blood flow and thigh composition on tissue oxygenation of the quadriceps

Blood flow restriction training technique can be affected by several factors resulting in changes in responses to training; therefore it is necessary to investigate and reveal detailed information about this novel training technique. Participants had their thigh size, thickness of subcutaneous fat, and regional bone free muscle mass measured prior to testing. A Near-Infrared Spectrometer was used to measure tissue oxygenation and a cardiovascular profiling system was utilised to measure stroke volume and heart rate. Initial restrictive pressure of 30, 50, and 70 mmHg were set in random order on three separate days, and then six target pressures were sequentially applied. Tissue oxygenation decreased significantly as both initial restrictive pressure and target pressures increased, but the magnitude of decreases was stronger with higher initial restrictive pressure. There were significant negative correlations between tissue oxygenation and leg lean body mass, total lean body mass, and thigh circumference when initial restrictive pressure was set at 30 mmHg. The findings indicated that changes in initial restrictive pressure affected the amount of venous return verified by the decreases in tissue oxygenation and stroke volume. In addition, thigh composition and size had a significant impact on the effects of initial restrictive pressure.     

The Experiences of African American Physical Education Teacher Candidates at Secondary Urban Schools

Presently, most physical education teachers in the United States are White Americans and from middle class families. In fact, 83 % of all teachers in public schools are White Americans, whereas approximately 10 % of all African American teachers are representative of all teachers in the United States. A student might feel cultural dissonance that she or he is behaving appropriately based on the student’s cultural norm and upbringing, but the teachers who have different cultural and ethnic backgrounds than the students may inappropriately interpret or respond to the behavior. Therefore, it is important to study African American pre-service physical education teachers’ student teaching and field-based experiences with ethnically diverse adolescence (e.g., African American students), because they have the potential to develop a positive relationship between school support, teacher support, and academic achievement and influence student learning, motivation, and engagement in physical education. The purpose of this study was to describe and explain the experiences of African American physical education teacher education (PETE) candidates at secondary urban schools. The research design was explanatory multiple-case study situated in activity theory. Participants were seven African American PETE candidates. The qualitative data sources were interviews, weekly journal reflections, and e-portfolios. The results were (a) navigating power relationships between cooperative teachers and students, (b) a ‘shocking’ experience: Feeling under-prepared, and (c) encountered cultural normalcies and stereotypes in teaching physical education. PETE programs must better prepare teacher candidates for working in urban schools with greater cultural competence and higher self-efficacy.     

School reform for positive behaviour support through collaborative learning: utilising lesson study for a learning community

Recent research has emphasised educating children about positive behaviours to overcome delinquency issues, but there is little clarification of what factors lead to positive behaviours. This study analyses factors that led to children’s positive behaviours at a junior high school in Japan, which experienced a dramatic turnaround after implementing school reform using Lesson Study for Learning Community (LSLC). In this study, the results of a mixed-methods analysis show that if children receive psychological support they are likely to psychologically support others and, similarly, those who receive concrete help tend to offer concrete help to others. To foster learning cultures in which this happens, it is critical to engage the entire school in appropriate changes: for example, teachers’ positive attitudes towards children and learning are important factors encouraging children to support others.     

郭店楚简《五行》的修养论

本文基于"郭店楚简"等20世纪末年问世的新出土文献带来的新知见,探讨孟子性善论形成过程的一系列论考之中探讨《五行》思想的部分.《五行》将"知"视为觉醒认知能力之过程,并将之分为"圣"和"智"两种.在此格局上,《五行》设定修养过程为:借由"智"之觉醒察觉到"贤人"之"德",通过模仿"行"本身来掌握"仁""义"等,从而实现"人道"之"善",进而从此阶段上升,借由"圣"的觉醒达到"天道"之"德",亦即能够在"德之行"的层次实践"仁""义"等.另外,《五行》"说"的相关论述中,"说"的作者用"仁气""义气"等术语对上述过程加以解说.从这一点可推测出《五行》的思想与《性自命出》的"性即气"的思维方式相当接近.     

荀子的"天下"观与"后周鲁时代"的秦国

本文旨在阐明《荀子》思想的特质和历史意义,而由此探讨其"天下"观和对当时秦国的看法.借此欲阐明《荀子》一书在战国时代周鲁两国已经不存在的政治情况下成形或出现于世的历史意义.本文先将荀子的"天下"观整理为如下三种特色:其一,荀子所构想的国家从头开始就是治理天下领域的国家.其二,在荀子"天下"观视野下的国家会经过其兴亡的动态.从正面的意义来看,原来只有"方百里"领土的小国理论上也能成长为治理天下的国家.其三,荀子在叙述周朝巩固治理天下的过程中赞扬周公的关键角色,并将他称为"大儒".基于如上三点,荀子在观察秦国的现状之际,认为其威势和领土已经不必要再扩张,而极力鼓励秦廷聘用"大儒"或"聪明君子"来推行"义术",即安抚天下诸侯和人民的政策.荀子一方面似乎认为实际上唯秦国具有在近未来能够治理天下的可能,但借由强调任何领土方圆"一百里"的诸侯只要聘用"大儒"也能够治理天下这一点,提醒秦君别错过聘用他的机会,否则聘用这样人才的其他国家会取代秦国的角色.     

日本中国古代思想史研究困境和末永高康"郭店儒学"研究之挑战

1998年"郭店楚简"公布之后,学界对以此为契机的中国古代思想史重释研究一度抱有很高的期待,然而相关的尝试至今仍未有突破性进展.在此情况下,由末永高康撰写的《性善说的诞生——先秦儒家思想的一个断面》一书,不但对理解郭店楚简的思维方式颇具贡献,还就《孟子》思想的来源问题提出了不少值得进一步探讨的观点.在介绍当今中国古代思想史研究的概况之后,对末永高康该书的主要论点、学术贡献及存在的问题进行评述,并借此提出有关在当前情况下应如何利用郭店楚简等新出土文献资料开展中国古代思想史研究的观点.     

物体形状与黄金率

文献[Kanem]对第一手(初等)数学资料进行了诠释,但在现实生活中,五边形形状普遍存在.通过对巨大建筑物如埃及胡夫大金字塔(法老胡夫)中是否使用了黄金率的验证,旨在消除误解,给予有兴趣的业余爱好者提供自我思考其真实与否的一些材料,如果不是真实的,为什么不是真实的.基于同样的原则,关于Fibonacci数,还存在一些更为复杂的研究课题,如黄金率扩展等需要研究.文中部分材料来自Walser,Thomson等,但已被资深专家再加工.     

Long-term impact of the Tokyo 1964 Olympic Games on sport participation: A cohort analysis

The sport participation rate has been shown to decrease with age in many countries. In Japan, however, the elderly sport participation rate has increased over the last decade and is the highest among all Japanese. This study investigated whether the cohort effect generated by the shared experience of hosting the Tokyo 1964 Olympic Games during their youth can explain the increased sport participation of elderly Japanese. Data from the Japanese National Sport-Life Survey over 20 years were analyzed through regression analysis. The results show that, after controlling for demographics and other determinants of sport participation, individuals who experienced the Tokyo 1964 Olympic Games participated in sport more frequently than other generations.