Context constraint disambiguation of word semantics by field association schemes

Word sense disambiguation is important in various aspects of natural language processing, including Internet search engines, machine translation, text mining, etc. However, the traditional methods using case frames are not effective for solving context ambiguities that requires information beyond sentences. This paper presents a new scheme for solving context ambiguities using a field association scheme. Generally, the scope of case frames is restricted to one sentence; however, the scope of the field association scheme can be applied to a set of sentences. In this paper, a formal disambiguation algorithm is proposed to control the scope for a set of variable number of sentences with ambiguities as well as solve ambiguities by calculating the weight of fields. In the experiments, 52 English and 20 Chinese words are disambiguated by using 104,532 Chinese and 38,372 English field association terms. The accuracy of the proposed field association scheme for context ambiguities is 65% higher than the case frame method. The proposed scheme shows better results than other three known methods, namely UNED-LS-U, IIT-2, and Relative-based in corpus SENSEVAL-2.     

Word classification and hierarchy using co-occurrence word information

By the development of the computer in recent years, calculating a complex advanced processing at high speed has become possible. Moreover, a lot of linguistic knowledge is used in the natural language processing (NLP) system for improving the system. Therefore, the necessity of co-occurrence word information in the natural language processing system increases further and various researches using co-occurrence word information are done. Moreover, in the natural language processing, dictionary is necessary and indispensable because the ability of the entire system is controlled by the amount and the quality of the dictionary. In this paper, the importance of co-occurrence word information in the natural language processing system was described. The classification technique of the co-occurrence word (receiving word) and the co-occurrence frequency was described and the classified group was expressed hierarchically. Moreover, this paper proposes a technique for an automatic construction system and a complete thesaurus. Experimental test operation of this system and effectiveness of the proposal technique is verified.     

The role of water in Earth's mantle

Geophysical observations suggest that the transition zone is wet locally. Continental and oceanic sediment components together with the basaltic and peridotitic components might be transported and accumulated in the transition zone. Low-velocity anomalies at the upper mantle–transition zone boundary might be caused by the existence of dense hydrous magmas. Water can be carried farther into the lower mantle by the slabs. The anomalous Q and shear wave regions locating at the uppermost part of the lower mantle could be caused by the existence of fluid or wet magmas in this region because of the water-solubility contrast between the minerals in the transition zone and those in the lower mantle. δ-H solid solution AlO₂H–MgSiO₄H₂ carries water into the lower mantle. Hydrogen-bond symmetrization exists in high-pressure hydrous phases and thus they are stable at the high pressures of the lower mantle. Thus, the δ-H solid solution in subducting slabs carries water farther into the bottom of the lower mantle. Pyrite FeO₂H_x is formed due to a reaction between the core and hydrated slabs. This phase could be a candidate for the anomalous regions at the core–mantle boundary.     

Item Pool Maintenance in the Presence of Item Parameter Drift

Differential linear drift of item location parameters over a 10 -year period is demonstrated in data from the College Board Physics Achievement Test. The relative direction of drift is associated with the content of the items and reflects changing emphasis in the physics curricula of American secondary schools. No evidence of drift of discriminating power parameters was found. Statistical procedures for detecting, estimating, and accounting for item parameter drift in item pools for long-term testing programs are proposed     

Phonological involvement in the processing of Japanese at the lexical and sentence levels

The present study examined whether Japanesereaders activate phonological information whenreading kanji compound words and sentences andif so, how they do it. Experiment 1 usedtwo-kanji compound words in a lexical decisiontask to study phonological processing at thelexical level. When nonwords werepseudo-homophones (/roR hi/ in placeof the real word /roR hi/), reactiontimes were longer and more errors occurred thanwith nonwords in the control group(/saku hi/). Experiment 2required participants to detect misspellings(i.e., incorrect kanji combinations) oftwo-kanji compound stimuli embedded insentences. In the detection task of misspelledkanji, no homophonic effect was apparent. Experiment 3 used a semantic decision task. Included in this task were semantically similarbut incorrect kanji compound words used asfillers in sentences (e.g.,meaning `The building you can see over there was facilitated by my friend' instead of designed) as well as the sentences used inExperiment 2. Results from Experiment 3indicated that participants could reject asentence as incorrect more quickly whenpseudo-homophones were embedded in thesentences rather than nonwords. These resultssuggest that readers activate phonologicalinformation of two-kanji compound words whenreading for comprehension but not for simpleproofreading.     

A new method for selecting English field association terms of compound words and its knowledge representation

This paper presents a strategy for building a morphological machine dictionary of English that infers meaning of derivations by considering morphological affixes and their semantic classification. Derivations are grouped into a frame that is accessible to semantic stem and knowledge base. This paper also proposes an efficient method for selecting compound Field Association (FA) terms from a large pool of single FA terms for some specialized fields. For single FA terms, five levels of association are defined and two ranks are defined, based on stability and inheritance. About 85% of redundant compound FA terms can be removed effectively by using levels and ranks proposed in this paper. Recall averages of 60–80% are achieved, depending on the type of text. The proposed methods are applied to 22,000 relationships between verbs and nouns extracted from the large tagged corpus.     

Similarities and differences in constraints and constraint negotiation among Japanese sport tourists: a case of masters games participants*

ABSTRACT

The purposes of this study were to examine (a) similarities and differences in constraints to and constraint negotiation for masters games (MG) participation, and (b) the relationships among constraints, constraint negotiation, and intention to participate in the World Masters Games 2021 Kansai, across international sport tourists, domestic sport tourists, and sport excursionists. An online survey was conducted with 449 Japanese people who participated in MGs within the last three years. Our results indicated that international sport tourists experienced higher levels of psychological, physiological, interpersonal, financial, tourism, commitment, MG-specific constraints than domestic sport tourists and sport excursionists, although physiological constraints did not differ between international and domestic sport tourists. Conversely, international and domestic sport tourists utilized tourism and MG-self-adaptation negotiation strategies more than sport excursionists. Lastly, constraints to and constraint negotiation for the past MG were not related to the intention of participation in the World Masters Games 2021 Kansai across the three groups. These results suggest that this typology of sport tourists – international, domestic, and excursionist – is an effective framework to understand constraints and negotiation as well as other behaviors and experiences of Japanese sport tourists.     

Simple lightness modification for color vision impaired based on Craik–O'Brien effect

In comparison with the people having the normal color vision, the people with color vision impairment such as dichromats have the difficulty to distinguish the colors in certain combinations. This may pose an impediment of the visual communication in the recent wide spreading of the use of colors. In order to address this problem, in this paper, we propose a novel lightness modification method to improve the visibility of the color image for the color vision impaired. In the proposed method, the lightness modification is only carried out around contours of objects to realize the Craik–O'Brien effect, which is an perceptual illusion of the contrast, for dichromats. Furthermore, in the proposed method, it is tried to preserve the impression given by original color image by lessening the change of the color as possible while providing the perceptible and comprehensible color image for dichromats. Through some examples, the effectiveness and the validity of the proposed method are verified.     

New methods for compression of MP double array by compact management of suffixes

Minimal Prefix (MP) double array is an efficient data structure for a trie. However, its space efficiency is degraded by the non-compact management of suffixes. This paper presents three methods to compress the MP double array. The first two methods compress the MP double array by accommodating short suffixes inside the leaf nodes, and pruning leaf nodes corresponding to the end marker symbol. These methods achieve size reduction of up to 20%, making insertion and deletion faster at the same time while maintaining the retrieval time of O(1). The third method eliminates empty spaces in the array that holds suffixes, and improves the maximum size reduction further by about 5% at the cost of increased insertion time. Compared to a Ternary Search Tree, the key retrieval of the compressed MP double array is 50% faster and its size is 3–5 times smaller.