Polarography

J Heyrovsky’s invention of polarography in which a dropping mercury electrode is used in the electrochemical cell revolutionised electroanalysis, study of electrode kinetics and adsorption studies on mercury electrodes. Polarography has also directly contributed to the development of new and innovative ideas in electrochemical techniques, instrumentation and applications     

Does the long tail really favor small publishers?

A growing body of literature is devoted to testing the reality of the “long-tail” phenomenon. This literature is mostly, if not exclusively, focused on the impact of Internet on the distribution of sales by product. However, the long tail also raises the issue of a possible change in the usual market structure of cultural industries: an oligopoly with a competitive fringe. To our knowledge, no paper addresses the following question: If the long-tail effect does exist, is it of more benefit to small or dominant publishers? The aim of this paper was to address this issue in the context of the French publishing industry. Our main findings are as follows: (1) the market concentration of the French book industry is lower online than offline and (2) the difference in concentration between the two channels of distribution tended to widen over the period 2004–2010. Strategies adopted by leading publishers on the Web do not allow them to maintain the market share obtained with bricks-and-mortar retailers. Furthermore, we show that the market share lost by dominant firms is captured by small publishers online and by medium-sized publishers in conventional stores.     

Quantifying the offensive sequences that result in goals in elite futsal matches

The aim of this study was to quantify the type of offensive sequences that result in goals in elite futsal. Thirty competitive games in the Spanish Primera Division de Sala were analysed using computerised notation analysis for patterns of play that resulted in goals. More goals were scored in positional attack (42%) and from set pieces (27%) compared to other activities. The number of defence to offense “transitions” (n = 45) and the start of offensive plays due to the rules of the game (n = 45) were the most common type of sequences that resulted in goals compared to other patterns of play. The central offensive zonal areas were the most common for shots on goal, with 73% of all goals scored from these areas of the pitch compared to defensive and wide zones. The foot was the main part of the body involved in scoring (n = 114). T-pattern analysis of offensive sequences revealed regular patterns of play, which are common in goal scoring opportunities in futsal and are typical movement patterns in this sport. The data demonstrate common offensive sequences and movement patterns related to goals in elite futsal and this could provide important information for the development of physical and technical training drills that replicate important game situations.     

Timescales for exploratory tactical behaviour in football small-sided games

The aim of this study was to identify the dynamics of tactical behaviour emerging on different timescales in football small-sided games and to quantify short- and long-term exploratory behaviour according to the number of opponents. Two teams of four professional male footballers played small-sided games against two different teams with a variable number of opponents (3, 5 and 7). Data were collected using a combination of systematic observation and a non-differential global positioning system (15 Hz). The temporal diversity and structural flexibility of the players were determined by calculating the dynamic overlap order parameter q, entropy and trapping strength. Analysis of the exploratory dynamics revealed two different timescales, forming a different metastable landscape of action for each constraint. Fast dynamics lasted on average a few seconds and consisted of changes in tactical patterns. The long timescale corresponded to the shared tasks of offence and defence lasting tens of seconds. The players’ tactical diversity decreased with an increasing number of opponents, especially in defence. Manipulating numerical imbalance is likely to promote changes in the diversity, unpredictability and flexibility of tactical solutions. The fact that the temporally nested structure of constraints shaped the emergence of tactical behaviour provides a new rationale for practice task design. The manipulation of numerical imbalance on the timescale of a few tens of seconds, on which the exploratory behaviour of players saturates, may help coaches to optimise the exploratory efficiency of the small-sided games.     

网络环境下多元化指导型教学模式的构建

网络环境下多元化指导型教学模式是我们以毛泽东同志"矛盾论"和"实践论"理论、"学与教"理论、建构主义理论为理论基础,经过五年多的不断探索,并结合现代远程开放教育的规律和各专业与课程的特点,逐步提炼、升华形成的.本模式突出网络平台的应用,突出教师的导学,充分考虑学生的个体差异,注重对学生自主学习的引导和学习能力的培养.在模式实施的过程中,教师应充分考虑到学生学习策略的多元化差异,积极改造学生学习策略中的不合理因素,及时制订或调整教学目标与教学策略,采取最适合的教学手段完成导学任务,使学生不仅学习专业知识,还可以掌握现代信息技术,形成团体协作精神,逐步提高综合能力和素质,从而实现人才培养的目标.     

Remote ischaemic preconditioning shortens QT intervals during exercise in healthy subjects

The protective action of remote ischaemic preconditioning (RIPC) has been demonstrated in the context of surgical interventions in cardiology. Application of RIPC to sports performance has been proposed, but its effect on the electrocardiogram (ECG) during exercise remains unknown. This exploratory study aims to measure the changes in ventricular repolarization observed during exercise following RIPC in healthy subjects. In an experimental randomized crossover study, 17 subjects underwent two bouts of constant load exercise tests at 75% and 115% of gas exchange threshold (GET). Prior to exercise, they were allocated to either control or RIPC intervention with four cycles of 5?min of ischaemia followed by 5?min of reperfusion. ECG was continuously recorded during the protocol. QT and RR intervals were measured every 30?s (on an average tracing of the preceding 10?s). Although the time course of RR intervals did not differ between the two interventions (p?=?.56 at 75% GET and p?=?.74 at 115% GET), a significant shortening of QT intervals (measured from Q onset to T end) was observed during exercise (mean?±?standard deviation of RIPC vs. control: ?32?±?19?ms at 75% GET (p?p?p?p?相似文献   

Understanding the consequences of victory amongst sport spectators: The mediating role of BIRGing

Prior work on the relationships between team identification and spectators’ reactions to one's team victory has largely neglected the potential effects of mediating variables. In this research, we proposed that the process of Basking in Reflected Glory [BIRGing – the tendency to reduce the distance between oneself and one's team; Cialdini, R. B., Bordon, R. J., Thorne, A., Walker, M. R., Freeman, S., &; Sloan, L. R. (1976). Basking in reflected glory: Three (football) field studies. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 34, 366–375] would lead spectators to almost take ownership of victories and share its benefits, thereby impacting their sense of national belonging in a positive manner. To this end, participants (N?=?73) were asked to watch an edited video clip showing a victory of the French national rugby team playing against South Africa. As expected, results revealed that BIRGing mediated the relationship between team identification and one's sense of national belonging. In closing, a number of implications are discussed along with future research avenues pertaining to the sport spectatorship literature.     

棉花施用惠满丰有机复混肥增产效应研究

在当季不施肥,皮棉产量50kg/667m~2以上的生产条件下,棉花施用惠满丰有机复混肥30-70kg/667m~2,伏前桃增加1-1.5个,株高增加9.9-17.1cm,茎粗增加0.2-0.8mm,有效果枝增加约1.3个,单株成铃数增多1.1-3.1个,单铃重约增加0.4-0.5g,霜前花率提高3-9个百分点,衣分、子指也有所提高,比对照增产皮棉14.1-31.8kg/667m~2,增幅27.4％-61.1％(平均45％)。在等养分量情况下,惠满丰有机复混肥肥效优于化肥。惠满丰有机复混肥的经济合理施肥量为70kg/667m~2。     

From natural numbers to numbers and curves in nature —I

The interconnection between number theory, algebra, geometry and calculus is shown through Fibonacci sequence, golden section and logarithmic spiral. In this two-part article, we discuss how simple growth models based on these entities may be used to explain numbers and curves abundantly found in nature     

Innovative moments and narrative change in career counselling: a case study

International Journal for Educational and Vocational Guidance - This case study of an undecided university student has two aims: to assess the effect of life design career counselling on...