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41.
The present experiment compared two methods of eliminating a classically conditioned response in dogs, extinction and reinforcement of nonsalivation, using both a within- and between-subjects experimental design. Eighteen dogs were trained for 16 days in Phase I, 16 days in Phase II, and 8 days in Phase III. In Phase I, each subject received classical conditioning training to two stimuli. In Phase II, Group 1 received extinction training to one stimulus and reinforcement of nonsalivation to the other stimulus. Group 2 received continued classical conditioning training to one stimulus and reinforcement on nonsalivation training to the other. Group 3 received continued classical conditioning training to one stimulus and extinction training to the other. In both the within- and between-subjects comparisons, responding to the stimulus associated with extinction was eliminated faster than responding to the stimulus associated with reinforcement of nonsalivation. 相似文献
42.
Pascale Marguerite Josiane Engel de Abreu Susan Elizabeth Gathercole Romain Martin 《Learning and individual differences》2011,21(5):569-574
This study investigates the relationship between working memory and language in young children growing up in a multilingual environment. The aim is to explore whether mechanisms of short-term storage and cognitive control hold similar relations to emerging language skills and to investigate if potential links are mediated by related cognitive abilities. A sample of 119 Luxembourgish 6-year-olds completed several assessments of working memory (complex and simple span), native and foreign vocabulary, syntax, reading, rhyme awareness, and fluid intelligence. Results showed that short-term storage and cognitive control manifested differential links with developing language abilities: Whereas verbal short-term storage was specifically linked to vocabulary; cognitive control manifested unique and robust links with syntax and early reading development. The study suggests that in young children the working memory system is composed of separate but interacting components corresponding to short-term storage and cognitive control that can be distinguished by the roles they play in supporting language acquisition. 相似文献
43.
Carol Lynn Martin Naomi C. Z. Andrews Dawn E. England Kristina Zosuls Diane N. Ruble 《Child development》2017,88(1):167-182
The goal was to test a new dual identity perspective on gender identity by asking children (n = 467) in three grades (Mage = 5.7, 7.6, 9.5) to consider the relation of the self to both boys and girls. This change shifted the conceptualization of gender identity from one to two dimensions, provided insights into the meaning and measurement of gender identity, and allowed for revisiting ideas about the roles of gender identity in adjustment. Using a graphical measure to allow assessment of identity in young children and cluster analyses to determine types of identity, it was found that individual and developmental differences in how similar children feel to both genders, and these variations matter for many important personal and social outcomes. 相似文献
44.
45.
Elaine S. Barry 《Early Childhood Education Journal》2006,33(6):405-411
This paper provides the opportunity to understand children’s behavior from a memory viewpoint. For the last three decades, cognitive developmentalists have been asking the question, “what develops in children’s memory?” Four answers to this question are presented, complete with explanations, examples, and possible applications where appropriate. The purpose of the paper is to provide early childhood educators and other practitioners who work with children a different lens through which to view children’s behavior. The memory view is compatible with current best practices in early childhood education, and may provide practitioners an additional viewpoint from which to draw when implementing developmentally appropriate practice. 相似文献
46.
Counselor Educators' Experiences Preparing Preservice School Counselors: A Phenomenological Study
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Jennifer Scaturo Watkinson Emily C. Goodman‐Scott Ian Martin Kathy Biles 《Counselor Education & Supervision》2018,57(3):178-193
The authors conducted a phenomenological study to explore the experiences of 32 school counselor educators preparing preservice school counselors. Analysis of data from 3 focus groups revealed 3 themes: breadth versus depth, balancing specialties and professor partiality, and preparation versus practice. These results highlight the need for collaboration across counseling specialties at the preservice level. 相似文献
47.
Neue Personalauswahl- und Einstellungsverfahren, an denen die Einzelschulen ma?geblich beteiligt werden, kommen bei der Besetzung
von Lehrerstellen in zahlreichen Bundesl?ndern seit Mitte der 1990er-Jahre zur Anwendung und haben mittlerweile die herk?mmlichen
zentralen Auswahl- und Zuweisungsverfahren zumindest in einigen von ihnen nahezu vollst?ndig abgel?st. Die Praxis und Wirkung
der neuen Auswahlverfahren wurde bislang allerdings nicht systematisch untersucht. In diesem Beitrag werden empirische Befunde
einer Untersuchung von Schulen in Nordrhein-Westfalen vorgestellt, die im Jahr 2002 freie Lehrerstellen über das neue Ausschreibungsverfahren
besetzt haben. Erfasst wurden unter anderem die in der Praxis angewandten Kriterien der Personalauswahl und die Inhalte der
Auswahlgespr?che, die Beurteilung des neuen Auswahl- und Einstellungsverfahrens durch die beteiligten Schulleitungen und Mitglieder
der Auswahlkommissionen, Einsch?tzungen und Erfahrungen der neu eingestellten Lehrkr?fte sowie der Verlauf ihrer Berufseinstiegsphase
und ihre Bew?hrung am neuen Arbeitsplatz. 相似文献
48.
An undergraduate teacher education program at Gallaudet University prepares deaf students in "regular" education. This includes a required full-time internship with hearing students (assisted by sign language interpreters). Graduates then continue in a master's degree program in deaf education, thus acquiring dual certification. Several studies indicate that these deaf candidates progress through the same developmental stages as hearing candidates and that they develop high expectations for deaf learners. Issues related to implementing such a program are discussed. 相似文献
49.
50.
J. Martin 《Asia-Pacific Journal of Teacher Education》1993,21(1):75-79
Sixty preservice teachers participated in a program which allowed them to research one ethnic culture, to spend one day as a participant observer in the life of an ethnic family, and to explore the similarities and differences between cultures and within cultures based on their own experience and the feedback of experts. Students self‐reported quantitative gains in empathy, self‐development, understanding of the relevance of multiculturalism in education and confidence to teach the culturally different. Qualitative change in attitudes indicated a decrease in stereotypic thinking, greater understanding of ethnic parents and children and a willingness to make further contact with people from diverse cultures. Benefits to participating hosts are also discussed. 相似文献