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61.
Joseph Murphy Christine M. Neumerski Ellen Goldring Jason Grissom Andy Porter 《Cambridge Journal of Education》2016,46(4):455-471
Elsewhere, the authors have unpacked instructional leadership and have documented that such leadership is associated with more effective schools. Indeed, there has been for a considerable time nearly universal acceptance that learning-centered leadership should provide the central platform on which leadership is enacted. In this paper, a less sanguine narrative is provided on instructional management. Specifically, it documents that for all the evidence and recognition of importance, learning-focused leadership remains a small domain of action for leaders at the school and district levels. It then focuses on both the culture of the profession of school administration and the nature of schooling to explain why in the face of considerable energy and effort only marginal improvements have been realized in deepening instructional leadership. It closes with an analysis of possible paths going forward. 相似文献
62.
Adam Handelzalts Ellen van den Berg Geesje van Slochteren Suzanne Verdonschot 《Learning Environments Research》2007,10(2):131-144
This article reports the development of an instrument to measure preservice teachers’ perceptions of the Study Landscape (SLS),
which is an ICT-infused learning environment that encourages preservice teachers to direct their own learning to build a two-way
relationship between theory and teaching practice. This study comprised a qualitative and quantitative part. Six factors derived
from interviews with users formed the basis of the instrument: (1) Support of Learners’ Initiatives; (2) Support of Information
Searches; (3) Support of Interaction; (4) Relationship with Fellow Students; (5) Relationship with Teacher Educators; and
(6) Relationship with SLS Staff. Once developed, the questionnaire was responded to by 186 students. Analysis of the data
supported five out of six factors. 相似文献
63.
64.
65.
The purpose of this experiment was to compare the problem-solving performance of rats allowed to explore either one or two tables of Maier’s three-table-problem apparatus on successive days. The feeding experience and test trial were administered on the day after all tables and runways had been explored in this piecemeal fashion. No rat that explored only one table and runway per day was able to solve the problem, whereas 60% of the rats that explored two tables and their interconnecting runways did solve the problem. All rats that explored the entire apparatus on each exploratory day were able to solve the problem. These data support the notion that animals can conceptually link objects experienced successively into cognitive representations which specify the constant relationships existing between those objects. The existence of such an absolute spatial mechanism makes it unnecessary for an organism to depend upon relative spatial mechanisms such as routes or cues. 相似文献
66.
Dare A. Baldwin Ellen M. Markman Brigitte Bill Renee N. Desjardins Jane M. Irwin Glynnis Tidball 《Child development》1996,67(6):3135-3153
The language children hear presents them with a multitude of co-occurrences between words and things in the world, and they must repeatedly determine which among these manifold co-occurrences is relevant. Social factors—such as cues regarding the speaker's referential intent—might serve as one guide to whether word-object covariation should be registered. In 2 studies, infants (15–20 months and 18–20 months in Studies 1 and 2, respectively) heard novel labels at a time when they were investigating a single novel object; in one case the label was uttered by a speaker seated within the infant's view and displaying concurrent attention to the novel toy (coupled condition), whereas in the other case the label emanated from a speaker seated out of the infant's view (decoupled condition). In both studies, subsequent comprehension questions indicated that infants of 18–20 months registered a stable link between label and object in the coupled condition, but not in the decoupled condition, despite the fact that covariation between label and object was equivalent in the 2 conditions. Thus, by 18–20 months children are inclined to establish a mapping between word and object only when a speaker displays signs of referring to that object. 相似文献
67.
The purpose of this study was to investigate the hypothesis that the manner in which a reading disability is defined will influence the conclusions that are made about the characteristics of the disability. To test this hypothesis, learning disabled and normally achieving children, aged 6 to 14, were administered tasks measuring grammatical, shortterm memory, phonological, reading, and visual-spatial skills. The poor readers were divided into groups of poor readers with
These children were compared with children who had normal reading scores. Children with deficits in phonics and/or word recognition scored significantly below normal on all the cognitive tests, except some of the visual-spatial tasks. Reading comprehension difficulties were characterized by average phonics, word recognition, and language skills but below average scores on some memory tasks. Slow readers had cognitive profiles similar to the normal children. The presence of a deficit in phonics and/or word recognition constituted the basis of the most serious impairment of language and memory functioning. Reading disabled children, defined in this manner, appear to be reasonably homogeneous in regard to the presence of language and memory problem. There does not appear to be evidence for a distinctive non-language impaired subtype within this type of reading disability. Children with low comprehension scores and/or slow readers did not have language problems. The definition of a reading disability appears to determine the subtypes and characteristics of reading disability that will emerge. 相似文献
1. | inadequate phonics skills, |
2. | inadequate word recognition skills, |
3. | adequate word recognition skills but low reading comprehension scores, and |
4. | adequate word recognition scores but a slow reading speed. |
68.
Ellen Bialystok 《Child development》1999,70(3):636-644
In the analysis and control framework, Bialystok identifies analysis (representation) and control (selective attention) as components of language processing and has shown that one of these, control, develops earlier in bilingual children than in comparable monolinguals. In the theory of cognitive complexity and control (CCC), Zelazo and Frye argue that preschool children lack the conscious representation and executive functioning needed to solve problems based on conflicting rules. The present study investigates whether the bilingual advantage in control can be found in a nonverbal task, the dimensional change card sort, used by Zelazo and Frye to assess CCC. This problem contains misleading information characteristic of high-control tasks but minimal demands for analysis. Sixty preschool children, half of whom were bilingual, were divided into a group of younger ( M = 4,2) and older ( M = 5,5) children. All the children were given a test of English proficiency (PPVT-R) and working memory (Visually-Cued Recall Task) to assure comparability of the groups and then administered the dimensional change card sort task and the moving word task. The bilingual children were more advanced than the monolinguals in the solving of experimental problems requiring high levels of control. These results demonstrate the role of attentional control in both these tasks, extends our knowledge about the cognitive development of bilingual children, and provides a means of relating developmental proposals articulated in two different theoretical frameworks, namely, CCC and analysis-control. 相似文献
69.
Emergent patterns of teaching/learning in electronic classrooms 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Ben Shneiderman Ellen Yu Borkowski Maryam Alavi Kent Norman 《Educational technology research and development : ETR & D》1998,46(4):23-42
Novel patterns of teaching/learning have emerged from faculty and students who use our three teaching/learning theaters at
the University of Maryland, College Park. These fully-equipped electronic classrooms have been used by 74 faculty in 264 semester-long
courses since the fall of 1991 with largely enthusiastic reception by both faculty and students. The designers of the teaching/learning
theaters sought to provide a technologically rich environment and a support staff so that faculty could concentrate on changing
the traditional lecture from its unidirectional information flow to a more collaborative activity. As faculty have evolved
their personal styles in using the electronic classrooms, novel patterns of teaching/learning have emerged. In addition to
enhanced lectures, we identified three common patterns: (a) active individual learning, (b) small-group collaborative learning,
and (c) entire-class collaborative learning. 相似文献
70.
Correlates of Attachment at School Age: Maternal Reported Stress, Mother-Child Interaction, and Behavior Problems 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Ellen Moss Denise Rousseau Sophie Parent Diane St-Laurent Julie Saintonge 《Child development》1998,69(5):1390-1405
The contribution of attachment, maternal reported stress, and mother-child interaction to the prediction of teacher-reported behavior problems was examined for a French-Canadian sample of 121 school-age children. Attachment classifications were assigned on the basis of reunion behavior with mother when the children were between 5 and 7 years of age. Maternal reported stress and mother-child interaction patterns were assessed concurrent to the attachment measure, whereas behavior problems were evaluated both at ages 5 to 7 and 7 to 9 years. Security of attachment significantly predicted the likelihood of school-age behavior problems: Controlling/other children were most at risk for both externalizing and internalizing problems across both age periods. Younger ambivalent children presented clinical cut-off levels of externalizing problems, and older avoidant boys had higher internalizing scores. Patterns of maternal-reported stress and mother-child interaction differed across attachment groups and contributed to prediction of school-age behavior problems, partially mediating the relation between attachment and adaptation. Results support the importance of attachment in explaining school-age adaptation and validity of attachment coding for children of this age. 相似文献