Publishing,property, and the national information infrastructure

Upon reviewing thePreliminary Draft of the Report of the Working Group on Intellectual Property Rights, given the titleIntellectual Property and the National Information Infrastructure, one immediately confronts the grand ambiguity that resides in the two words: “intellectual property.” That the task force on the information infrastructure, enshrined with the acronym NII, had to locate precedent for its missioning Supreme Court Justice Story's 1841 observations on copyright issues as an area involving the “metaphysics of the law” indicates what a long reach the very notion of intellectual property entails in a democratic society. He is the author ofCommunicating Ideas: The Politics of Publishing and has published widely in the journal literature, includingScholarly Publishing; Logos; Publishing Research Quarterly; Journal of the American Society of Information Science, among others.     

On legitimacy,force, and jeane J. Kirkpatrick

These comments were delivered on January 21, 1988 at the American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research in honor of the publication by Transaction Publishers at Rutgers University of the two-volume work by Jeane J. Kirkpatrick entitledLegitimacy and Force.     

Infant visual attention in the paired-comparison paradigm: test-retest and attention-performance relations

The visual behavior of infants in the paired-comparison paradigm was assessed with multiple discrimination tasks week-to-week at 4 and 7 months and longitudinally from 4 to 7 months. Results indicated that although task-to-task reliability was extremely variable and typically low, most measures of infants' attention averaged across multiple tasks were reliable from 1 week to the next as well as relatively stable over the longer longitudinal period. Across all groups, infants who had shorter fixations (i.e., more fixations per fixed-exposure period) during the familiarization phase showed higher novelty preferences. While infants' shift rate during test phases was a reliable individual characteristic at 7 months, it was not at 4 months; rather, data suggested that the difficulty of the stimulus discrimination may be related to young infants' shift rate.     

Neonatal state profiles: reliability and short-term prediction of neurobehavioral status

Observations were made on 40 newborns prior to hospital discharge in which states were scored every 10 sec in two 35-70-min periods separated by 6-48 hours. Newborns' states, particularly sleep states and crying, were fairly reliable across observation sessions. Cluster analyses identified 3 separable state profiles that subsequently differentiated infants on the Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale with Kansas Supplements (NBAS-K) at 2 weeks of age. Additionally, state observations and NBAS-K exams showed significant agreement on individual differences in neurologically based measures, such as startles, tremulousness, and lability of state.     

Longer Fixation Times During Reading Are Correlated With Decreased Connectivity in Cognitive‐Control Brain Regions During Rest in Children

Dyslexia, or reading difficulty (RD), is characterized by slow, inaccurate reading and accompanied by deficit in executive functions (EF) and altered functional connectivity (FC) in the related networks (i.e., cingulo‐opercular). Individuals with RD also present with altered oculomotor gaze patterns that include longer fixation times. The researchers examined the relationship between fixation times and FC of neural circuits related to EF during rest in children with RD and typical readers. Nineteen children participated in a 10‐min resting‐state scan. FC analysis was performed with the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), related to cognitive control, chosen as a seed. Fixation time during word reading was used as a covariate of interest. Results demonstrated that FC between the ACC and the left inferior frontal cortex pars triangularis and left inferior prefrontal cortex during rest were negatively correlated with fixation times during word reading. These exploratory results support the critical role for the cingulo‐opercular network, which is related to cognitive control, in the reading process, and likely also in reading impairment.     

Investigating Divergent Outcomes in Organic Chemistry I

Research in Science Education - In the USA, Organic Chemistry I is a gateway course for undergraduate students seeking careers in medical- and health-related fields. Estimates of failure and...     

Correlates of ability patterns in children and adults: Implications for teaching

Several researches are presented as evidence that children with a high verbal -low spatial ability profile fend to respond in the “usual” way to social reinforcement or praise, whereas children with a high spatial - low verbal profile do not find such praise reinforcing. Several implications for teaching such HiS-LoS and HiV-LoS children are seen in these studies and considered in detail. Specifically the following implications are discussed: (a) the need for better identification of children with HiV-LoS and HiS-LoV profiles, (b) what kinds of reinforcers to use with these children in the classroom, (c) group vs. individual instruction, (d) the need to socialize the HiS-LoV child, and (e) the need for care in academic assessment.