The ‘origins of football debate’ and the early development of the game in Nottinghamshire

This article continues the debate on the origins of football. It contains new data which note early football activity and initial club formation in Nottinghamshire. The authors reach the conclusion that former public schoolboys were prominent in the development of football in that particular area and see this as further confirmation of their hypothesis that many of these individuals should be seen as important in the establishment of football as a modern sport.     

Working and spending in South China: a methodological experiment with visual ethnography

Abstract

Art and architecture played a role in expressions of Malaya's nascent independent state in 1957, but the determination of what Malaya meant, ideologically, was different to different groups. Two types of nationalism were at work, namely that led by ethnic Malay leaders and political parties, and that led by a more ethnically-inclusive set of leaders and groups. This paper explores these concepts as frozen in mural paintings and the accompanying national architecture.     

Normative fat-free mass index values for a diverse sample of collegiate female athletes

The purpose of this study was to establish normative fat-free mass index (FFMI) ranges in collegiate female athletes. A sample of 266 female athletes (Mean±SD; Age: 19.7 ± 1.5 yrs, Height: 166.0 ± 6.4 cm, Weight: 63.2 ± 8.8 kg) were included in analyses. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry measured bone mineral content (BMC; kg) and lean mass (LM; kg). Fat-free mass index was calculated as follows: FFMI = (BMC + LM)/Height². Participants were classified by sport: cross-country (XC), field hockey, football, gymnastics, lacrosse, resistance-trained, swimming track. Mean, range and percentile ranks of FFMI were calculated for the full sample for each cohort. For all females, mean FFMI was 16.9 ± 1.7 kg/m², FFMI values ranged from 13.3 to 25.5 kg/m². The XC athletes had the lowest FFMI (15.3 ± 0.96 kg/m²; p < 0.001). Mean FFMI measures were similar between all other female athletes. Percentile ranks varied across sport; median FFMI was highest for football (18.0 kg/m²), lowest for XC (15.1 kg/m²) and ranged between 16.4 and 17.3 kg/m² for all other athletes. Establishing sport-specific FFMI values for female athletes may be beneficial for athletes and coaches by leading to more appropriate body composition goals based on FFM.     

Formalism and strategic fouls

It is sometimes claimed that formalism and the logical incompatibility thesis together imply that fouls cannot be part of the game. Some philosophers think this proves that therefore strategic fouls are always morally wrong, but other philosophers think this result undermines formalism itself, since strategic fouls clearly are part of the game and are at least sometimes morally permissible. I show that formalism in fact does accommodate strategic fouls and that it is neutral about whether strategic fouls are morally permissible or not.     

Can We Trust Information?

Why do we demand more of the quality of food or a car than we demand of that other essential: information? Reliability and authenticity determine the credibility and the usefulness of information. These concepts, developed in different cultures and at different times, are essential for our information society in its dependence on trust in information. In the creation and distribution of digital information, conditions should be met to ensure the reliability and authenticity of the information.     

The Citation Cloud of a biomedical article: a free,public, web-based tool enabling citation analysis

Background:An article''s citations are useful for finding related articles that may not be readily found by keyword searches or textual similarity. Citation analysis is also important for analyzing scientific innovation and the structure of the biomedical literature. We wanted to facilitate citation analysis for the broad community by providing a user-friendly interface for accessing and analyzing citation data for biomedical articles.Case Presentation:We seeded the Citation Cloud dataset with over 465 million open access citations culled from six different sources: PubMed Central, Microsoft Academic Graph, ArnetMiner, Semantic Scholar, Open Citations, and the NIH iCite dataset. We implemented a free, public extension to PubMed that allows any user to visualize and analyze the entire citation cloud around any paper of interest A: the set of articles cited by A, those which cite A, those which are co-cited with A, and those which are bibliographically coupled to A.Conclusions:Citation Cloud greatly enables the study of citations by the scientific community, including relatively advanced analyses (co-citations and bibliographic coupling) that cannot be undertaken using other available tools. The tool can be accessed by running any PubMed query on the Anne O''Tate value-added search interface and clicking on the Citations button next to any retrieved article.     

Recent Publications in Natural History

Principal Review: Jia, Lanpo. Early man in China. Principal Review: Chinese Academy of Sciences. Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology. Atlas of primitive man in China.     

What Should Instructional Designers & Technologists Know About Human Performance Technology?

Human performance technology (HPT) is having a significant impact on the field of instructional design and technology (IDT), and many IDT graduate programs now offer training in HPT to their students. However, some IDT programs may be struggling with the extent to which they should incorporate the principles and techniques of HPT into their courses. To provide some determination of which specific skills and competencies in HPT graduates of IDT programs should have, an online survey was administered to 24 IDT faculty members and 45 members of local chapters of the International Society for Performance Improvement and the American Society for Training and Development. Respondents rated the importance of HPT competencies for graduates of IDT programs. Results suggest strong support for the inclusion of HPT concepts in the curricula of IDT graduate programs. Implications of these results for IDT graduate programs, as well as for distinguishing HPT as a field of specialization separate from IDT, are discussed.