Opening the ivory tower's door: An analysis of the determinants of the formation of U.S. university spin-off companies

This paper presents findings from an analysis of the determinants of the formation of university spin-off companies within the university's research park. We find that university spin-off companies are a greater proportion of the companies in older parks and in parks that are associated with richer university research environments. We also find that university spin-off companies are a larger proportion of companies in parks that are geographically closer to their university and in parks that have a biotechnology focus.     

Quasi real-time microwave holography

The advantages of real-time microwave holography are reviewed. Real-time capabilities require real-time acquisition of the raw hologram data and real-time retrieval of images from the collected data. This paper examines in detail the acquisition of microwave hologram data by double circular scanning of a single reciever in the context of quasi real-time operation. The principle of the double circular scan is presented and the effect of this sampling format on the retrieved image analyzed. Optical bench simulation of hologram recording employing this sampling format is also presented. It is shown that such a scanning format has the attractive properties of economy, speed (?1 holographic frame/sec) and excellent retrieved image quality. Finally, the compatibility of the double circular scan format with scanned transmitter-receiver holography is discussed in the context of practical low-cost systems.     

Interference and Inhibition in Cognition and Behavior: Comments on the Commentaries

In our target article (Dempster & Corkill, 1999a) we presented an overview of recent work on interference and inhibition in cognition and behavior. The commentators provided highly informative feedback about a range of implications of this new body of work for educational psychology, including learning disabilities. In our response to the commentators, we reply to two relatively broad topics they touch on: consciousness and the functionalist tradition of American psychology. We also remark on two relatively narrow issues raised by the commentators: what constitutes irrelevant information and perseveration in the missing addend task.     

The role of inhibitory associations in perceptual learning

Preexposure to two compound flavors (AX and BX) typically enhances their discriminability: An aversion conditioned to AX will generalize less to BX, especially if the preexposure regime has involved alternated presentations of AX and BX rather than presenting all AX trials before BX trials (or vice versa). One possible explanation of this finding is that alternating preexposure establishes inhibitory associations between the two unique features A and B, thus counteracting the generalization produced by excitatory associations between X and A and between X and B, which might result in either the retrieval of B on a conditioning trial to AX, or the retrieval of A on a test trial to BX. Three experiments on flavor aversion conditioning in rats tested these predictions. Experiment 1 suggested that the more important of these excitatory associations was that which allowed X to retrieve A on the test trial to BX. Experiment 2 suggested that the more important inhibitory association was that which allowed B to inhibit the representation of A on this test trial. Experiment 3 provided direct evidence of the role of this inhibitory B⊣A association.     

兴趣·调动·交际·指导——师专英语专业阅读课教学模式

阅读课是师专英语专业教学中的薄弱环节,而阅读课教学的效果直接影响到学生专业水平和技能的提高和发展。本文依据交际教学法等现代教学法理论和阅读心理学的原理,结合师专英语教学的实际,提出了“兴趣·调动·交际·指导”这样一个英语专业阅读课教学模式,并着重对这一模式的具体运用进行了较为详尽的阐释与评价     

Supporting Cognitive Design: Lessons from Human-computer Interaction and Computer-mediated Learning

Cognitive engineering has led to a consideration of the capabilities and limitations of users in relation to the products of system design. However, there has not been a similar recognition of human limitations in the process of design. One way to improve the products of system design is by making improvements in the process of design and, in particular, by addressing the limitations of designers through scaffolding with the technology that is the object of design. To do this we need to identify what we know about the process of designing for computer-mediated learning systems, and to build an understanding of how the design process might benefit from cognitive strategies and computer technology. Here we survey various approaches to support the design process, in order to identify approaches and opportunities that may inform both fields. Specific suggestions include heuristics for design, and scaffolding the design process through support tools. © IFIP, published by Kluwer Academic Publishers