民族地区中小学贫困生厌学心理分析与疏导研究——以湖南省湘西自治州为例

民族地区的贫困学生是一个特殊的弱势群体,他们的心理健康教育和心理疏导更应引起学校、家长和社会的高度关注.文章通过对湘西自治州中小学贫困生的现状、厌学心理特征及成因的研究分析,提出了其心理疏导策略.     

Looking back: reasoning and metacognition with narrative texts

This study explored the abilities of 5th, 8th, and 10th graders, and College students to reason logically about what they read. Both students’ metacognitive behavior (looking back at previously read text) and their performance on logical deduction questions were recorded and analyzed in a reading task. Conditional logic premises and deductive questions were embedded in three narratives containing premise information that was factual (True Story), contrary to fact (False Story), or unverifiable via common world knowledge (Neutral Story). The texts and questions were presented one sentence at a time on a computer screen; participants controlled the presentation of sentences. For answering the questions, three response tasks were devised. One task (labeled Generate) required readers to generate their own logical conclusions in response to deduction questions. Two tasks (labeled Valid and Invalid) required readers to evaluate logically valid or logically invalid conclusions drawn by story characters in the texts. Students in early and late adolescence looked back more when asked to evaluate logical conclusions than when asked to generate conclusions on their own; College students’ lookback frequencies were not significantly affected by response task, but were greater overall than those of younger students. With conditional forms requiring an uncertainty response (Affirmed Consequent and Denied Antecedent), readers looked back more when evaluating logically invalid conclusions than when evaluating logically valid ones. Readers of all ages were more likely to agree with story characters’ (valid) uncertain conclusions with the AC and DA forms than they were to disagree with story characters’ (invalid) certain conclusions to these forms. Both lookback frequency and performance on logic questions were lowest when readers were required to reason from contrary to fact premises.     

Effects of Exercise and Milk Consumption on Blood Serum Cholesterol in Rats

Abstract

This study investigated the effects of exercise on blood cholesterol and correlated those effects with estimates of body fat through experiments with 45 albino weanling rats (15 litter mate trios). The rats were confined to individual cages in a temperature-controlled room and fed a stock diet until they were 11 weeks old. At this time the trios were divided. Group A was continued on a stock diet and exercised for an hour in the morning and an hour in the afternoon by forced swimming. Group B was subjected to the same exercise but a portion of the stock diet was replaced with powdered whole milk, so that 30 percent of the caloric intake was derived from the whole milk supplement. Group C was fed the stock diet but activity was restricted. After 15 weeks blood samples were taken, the animals sacrificed, and the heart and adrenals weighed. The specific gravity of the carcass was also determined. Exercise resulted in a statistically significant decrease in total and free blood serum cholesterol concentration. These animals were also leaner and had larger hearts and adrenal glands. Serum cholesterol was negatively related to carcass specific gravity. The milk supplement had no significant effect on any of these measures. Several possible explanations for the effects of exercise on blood cholesterol are discussed.     

LENGTH OF SCHOOLING AND ITS EFFECT ON PERFORMANCE IN THE JUNIOR SCHOOL

Friendship patterns in an urban girls’ secondary comprehensive school with nearly 30 per cent immigrant pupils were studied by a sociometric technique. Pupils were found to choose their friends most frequently from their own ethnic groups, but this was more marked in the lower streams and older age groups than in the upper streams and younger age groups. In the upper streams and the sixth form some preference was found, but immigrant pupils tended to be well integrated with British girls in complex friendship groups.     

The eastern public speaking conference

YANKEE REFORMERS IN THE URBAN AGE. By Arthur Mann. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1954; pp. 314. $5.00.

DANIEL WEBSTER AND THE RISE OF NATIONAL CONSERVATISM. By Richard N. Current. Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1955; pp. xi+215. $3.00.

CALL TO GREATNESS. By Adlai E. Stevenson. New York: Harper &; Brothers, 1954; pp. 111. $2.25.

HOW WE DRAFTED ADLAI STEVENSON. By Walter Johnson. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1955; pp. 172. $2.75.

YOUNG SAM JOHNSON. By James L. Clifford. New York: McGraw‐Hill Book Co., 1955; pp. 377. $5.75.

DR. JOHNSONS DICTIONARY. By James H. Sledd and Gwin J. Kolb. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1955; pp. 256. $5.00.

GLADSTONE: A BIOGRAPHY. By Sir Philip Magnus. New York: E. P. Dutton &; Co., 1954; pp. xiv+482. $6.75.

SWIFT'S RHETORICAL ART: A STUDY IN STRUCTURE AND MEANING. By Martin Price. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1953; pp. iv+115‐ $3.75.

GREAT VOICES OF THE REFORMATION. By Harry Emerson Fosdick. New York: Random House, 1952; pp. xxx+546. $2.45.

ASPECTS OF LANGUAGE. By William J. Entwistle. London: Faber and Faber, 1954; pp. ix+370. $8.00.

STUDIES IN MOTIVATION. Selected and Edited by David C. McClelland. New York: Appleton‐Century‐Crofts, Inc., 1955; pp. xi+552. $6.00.

INTRODUCTION TO SPEECH. By Charles T. Brown. Boston: Houghton, Mifflin Company, 1955; pp. xii+458. $4.25.

SPEECH, DEBATE, DRAMA IN CONTESTS AND FESTIVALS. By William S. Howell, Donald K. Smith, and David W. Thompson. Minneapolis: The Minnesota State High School League, 1953; pp. 96. $1.00.

DISCUSSION AND CONFERENCE. By William N. Sattler and N. Edd Miller. New York: Prentice‐Hall, Inc., 1954; pp. 364. $4.75.

ESSENTIALS OF DISCUSSION AND DEBATE. By Halbert E. Gully. New York: Henry Holt and Company, 1955; pp. vii+145. $1.20.

GENERAL EDUCATION: EXPLORATIONS IN EVALUATION. By Paul L. Dressel and Lewis B. Mayhew. Washington, D. C: American Council on Education, 1954; pp. xviii+ 302. $3.50.

ACCENT ON TEACHING. Edited by Sidney J. French. New York: Harper and Brothers, 1954; pp. xii+334. $4.75.

GUIDE TO COMMUNITY ACTION: A Source Book For Citizen Volunteers. By Mark S. Matthews. New York: Harper and Brothers, 1954; pp. 434. $4.00.

AN INTRODUCTION TO RADIO AND TELEVISION. By David C. Phillips, John M. Grogan and Earl H. Ryan. New York: The Ronald Press Co., 1954; pp. ix+423. $5.00.

BROADCASTING RADIO AND TELEVISION. By Walter K. Kingson, Rome Cowgill, and Ralph Levy. New York: Prentice‐Hall Inc., 1955; pp. 274. $4.00.

THIS IS EDUCATIONAL TELEVISION. By William Kenneth Cumming. Lansing, Michigan: Communications Series, Michigan State College, 1954; pp. xii+264. $4.40.

CLEAR CHANNELS: TELEVISION AND THE AMERICAN PEOPLE. By Max Wylie. New York: Funk and Wagnalls, 1955; pp. x+408. $4.75.

THE MURDER OF THE MAN WHO WAS ‘SHAKESPEARE.’ By Calvin Hoffman. New York: Julian Messner, Inc., 1955; pp. xix+232. $3.75.

SHAKSPERE AND COMMON SENSE. By Edwin R. Hunter. Boston: The Christopher Publishing House, 1955; pp. 312. $4.00.

THE FIRST NIGHT OF TWELFTH NIGHT. By Leslie Hotson. New York: The Macmillan Company, 1954; pp. 256. $4.50.

SHAKESPEARE SURVEY 8. Edited by Allar‐dyce Nicoll. New York: Cambridge University Press 1955; pp. viii+172. $3.75.

THE DRAMATIC EVENT: An American Chronicle. By Eric Bentley. New York: Horizon Press, 1954; pp. 285. $3.50.

THEATRE ‘54: READING VERSIONS OF THE GOLDEN DOZEN PLAYS OF THE YEAR. Edited by John Chapman. New York: Random House, 1954; pp. 568. $5.00.

FREDERICK HENRY KOCH: PIONEER PLAYMAKER. By Samuel Selden and Mary Tom Sphangos. Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Library, 1954; pp. viii+92. $3.00 cloth, $1.50 paper.

THE LION OF THE WEST, retitled THE KENTUCKIAN, or A TRIP TO NEW YORK: A FARCE IN TWO ACTS. By James Kirke Paulding. Revised by John Augustus Stone and William Bayle Bernard. Edited with an introduction by James N. Tidwell. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press, 1954; pp. 64. $3.00.

PREFACE TO DRAMA: AN INTRODUCTION TO DRAMATIC LITERATURE AND THEATRE ART. By Charles W. Cooper. New York: Ronald Press Co., 1955; pp. viii+773. $4.50.

THE ABC'S OF PLAY PRODUCING. By Howard Bailey. New York: David McKay Company, Inc., 1955; pp. 276. $3.50.

THEATRICAL LIGHTING PRACTICE. By Joel Rubin and Lee Watson. New York: Theatre Arts Books, 1954; pp. 126. $3.75.     

Association news

BERKELEY: THE NEW STUDENT REVOLT. By Hal Draper. Introduction by Mario Savio. New York: Grove Press Evergreen Book, 1965; pp. ix+246. Paper 95c.

THE BERKELEY STUDENT REVOLT. Edited with an Introduction by Seymour Martin Lipset and Sheldon S. Wolin. Garden City, N. Y.: Doubleday Anchor Book, 1965; pp. xiv+585. Paper $1.95.

CRISIS AT COLUMBIA: THE COX COMMISSION REPORT. By Archibald Cox, et al. New York: Vintage Books, 1968; pp. 222. Paper $1.95.

THE FRENCH STUDENT REVOLT. Edited by Hervé Bourges. Translated by R. R. Brewster. New York: Hill and Wang, 1968; pp. 112. $3.95; paper $1.50.

THE NEW RADICALS. Edited with an Introduction by Paul Jacobs and Saul Landau. New York: Vintage Books, 1966; pp. 333. Paper $1.95.

THE NEW STUDENT LEFT. Edited by Mitchell Cohen and Dennis Hale. Introduction by Carey McWilliams. Revised edition. Boston: Beacon Press, 1967; pp. xxxiii+339. Paper $1.95.

UP AGAINST THE IVY WALL: A HISTORY OF THE COLUMBIA CRISIS. By Jerry L. Avorn, et. al. Introduction by Robert Friedman. New York: Atheneum, 1968; pp. vi+304. Paper $3.25.