“交流鱼”制作秘方

应广大群众的强烈要求,心灵美食公司隆重推出一款大众美食——交流鱼。该菜的特点是:清香四溢,色味俱全,营养丰富,充满幸福、温暖之感。老少皆宜,童叟无欺。为改善广大市民生活。特将制作秘方公之于众。主料:鲜鱼一条约2000克。佐料:宽容之心30克,自我剖析25克,换位思考25克,真挚感情20克,善意的目光随个人口味添加,再加上理解、态度、谈话、事实、想法少许。制作程序:     

Peer relations across contexts: individual-network homophily and network inclusion in and after school

Peer relations across 2 contexts (in school and after school) were examined for 577 participants, approximately 12 years old, from 3 middle schools in Milan, Italy. The primary research questions were: Do peer networks from different contexts uniquely contribute to explaining variance in individual behavior? Do measures of peer preference and peer network inclusion across contexts uniquely contribute to explaining individual depressive symptoms? Structural equation models showed that both the in-school and the after-school peer networks uniquely contributed to explaining variance in 2 types of individual problem behavior (in-school problem behavior, after-school delinquency), and that similarity with the 2 peer networks varied according to behaviors specific to each context and across gender. Finally, both in-school and after-school peer network inclusion contributed to explaining variance in depressive symptoms, after controlling for classroom peer preference.     

Use of laptop computers in an academic medical library

Who borrows laptop computers in an academic health sciences library? Why do they choose to check out laptops? In a survey, laptop computer users responded that the laptops were used most frequently to do class-related work. Laptops were most often checked out because they could be taken to a quiet area of the library or to where the user had more room to work. The majority of such borrowers were satisfied or very satisfied with the laptops and the service from the library. The majority of those completing the survey were medical school students and graduate students. The circulation of laptop computers at this academic health sciences library is a very successful and popular program.     

A rapid and accurate 3-（4,5-dimethyl thiazol-2-yl）-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide colorimetric assay for quantification of bacteriocins with nisin as an example

The objective of this study is to propose a more accurate and faster MTT 3-(4,5-dimethyl thiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide colorimetric assay (MCA) for quantitative measurement of polypeptide bacteriocins in solutions with nisin as an example. After an initial incubation of nisin and indicator bacterium Micrococcus luteus NCIB 8166 in tubes, MTT was added for another incubation period. After that, nisin was quantified by estimating the number of viable bacteria based on measuring the amount of purple formazan produced by cleavage of yellow tetrazolium salt MTT. Then MCA was compared to a standard agar diffusion assay (ADA). The results suggested a high correlation coefficient (r2=0.975±0.004) between optical density (OD) and the inhibitory effect of nisin on a bacterial strain Micrococcus luteus NCIB 8166 at a range of 0.125～32 IU/ml. The MCA described in this study was very quick. Quantification of nisin took only 7～8 h and the detection limit was at the level of 0.125 IU/ml when compared to 12 IU/ml and 24～28 h for ADA. The MCA provides an accurate and rapid method for quantifi-cation of nisin in solutions and is expected to be used for quantification of other antimicrobial substances.     

Supplemental instruction in introductory biology I: enhancing the performance and retention of underrepresented minority students

Supplemental instruction classes have been shown in many studies to enhance performance in the supported courses and even to improve graduation rates. Generally, there has been little evidence of a differential impact on students from different ethnic/racial backgrounds. At San Francisco State University, however, supplemental instruction in the Introductory Biology I class is associated with even more dramatic gains among students from underrepresented minority populations than the gains found among their peers. These gains do not seem to be the product of better students availing themselves of supplemental instruction or other outside factors. The Introductory Biology I class consists of a team-taught lecture component, taught in a large lecture classroom, and a laboratory component where students participate in smaller lab sections. Students are expected to master an understanding of basic concepts, content, and vocabulary in biology as well as gain laboratory investigation skills and experience applying scientific methodology. In this context, supplemental instruction classes are cooperative learning environments where students participate in learning activities that complement the course material, focusing on student misconceptions and difficulties, construction of a scaffolded knowledge base, applications involving problem solving, and articulation of constructs with peers.     

提高光伏转换效率的新设想

在太阳能实际应用中,较低的光伏转换效率是主要技术瓶颈。本项目围绕如何直接改进太阳能电池板的面形结构和特性,实现一种更加简捷有效的提高光伏转换效率的技术途径。借助照相机在镜头中采用凸透镜和镀增透膜来增加聚光性能的思想,本方案采用玻璃微珠所具备的短焦距聚光能力增大太阳光的接收角,同时选用溶胶凝胶膜层增加光线透过性。实验验证了玻璃微珠和溶胶凝胶膜层对提高光伏转换效率的科学可行性。实验结果表明,在宽光谱卤素灯大角度（70°）入射条件下,光伏转换效率相对玻璃基板提高了15．73％,充分验证了设计方案的原理可行性。本方法主要基于对太阳能电池玻璃盖板的结构改进,不需额外增加光学系统,结构简单,易于实现,设计思想具有独立创新性,在提高太阳能的光伏转换效率方面有着重要应用价值和发展前景。     

美国体育教学研究的新进展

20世纪80年代初,美国比较系统的关于中小学体育教学的研究开始起步,而体育教师教育专业的知识基础也处于早期发展阶段。从那时起到现在,美国中小学体育的性质和状况已发生了显著的变化。这种变化,是基于所进行的首批对中小学体育的教学研究,以及这之后多年的坚实的科学实证研究。由此,关于体育教学的知识已经取得了难以置信的发展。     

Nutrition for the young athlete

Athletics is a popular sport among young people. To maintain health and optimize growth and athletic performance, young athletes need to consume an appropriate diet. Unfortunately, the dietary intake of many young athletes follows population trends rather than public health or sports nutrition recommendations. To optimize performance in some disciplines, young athletes may strive to achieve a lower body weight or body fat content and this may increase their risk for delayed growth and maturation, amenorrhoea, reduced bone density, and eating disorders. Although many of the sports nutrition principles identified for adults are similar to those for young athletes, there are some important differences. These include a higher metabolic cost of locomotion and preferential fat oxidation in young athletes during exercise. Young athletes, particularity children, are at a thermoregulatory disadvantage due to a higher surface area to weight ratio, a slower acclimatization, and lower sweating rate. An appropriate dietary intake rather than use of supplements (except when clinically indicated) is recommended to ensure young athletes participate fully and safely in athletics.     

Validation of an integrated experimental set-up for kinetic and kinematic three-dimensional analyses in a training environment

Biomechanical analyses using synchronized tools [electromyography (EMG), motion capture, force sensors, force platform, and digital camera] are classically performed in a laboratory environment that could influence the performance. We present a system for studying the running sprint start that synchronizes motion capture, EMG, and ground reaction force data. To maximize motion capture (Vicon 612 with six cameras), a special dim environment was created in the stadium. "Classical" tools were combined with "purpose-built" tools intended to analyse the different aspects of movement. For example, a synchronization system was built to create a common time-base for all data recordings and a portable EMG system was synchronized by a cable that was "disconnected" by the athlete's movement out of the blocks. This disconnection represented an independent event recorded by different tools. A "gap" was measured for some sprint start events between kinetic and kinematic (motion capture) data. Calibration results, measurements of time "gap", and duration of the independent event were used to validate the accuracy of motion capture and the synchronization system. The results validate the entire experimental set-up and suggest adjustment values for motion capture data. This environment can be used to study other movements and can easily be applied to several sports.