A developmental analysis of early time concepts: the equivalence and additivity of the effect of interfering cues on duration comparisons of young children

Young children compare durations correctly and explain their conclusions logically only when no interfering cues such as distance and speed are introduced. We investigated whether type of cue and additivity of interfering cues affect children's duration comparisons. 4- and 5-year-old children were asked to compare the burning times of pairs of partially synchronous lights differing in intensity, bulb size, or both. Those who erred tended to attribute longer duration to the brighter or larger bulb, brightness having a stronger interfering effect than size. Since brightness might qualify as "work" more than bulb size might, the finding that the former interferes more than the latter supports Piaget's basic claim of children's confusion of time with "work." The fact that bulb size interferes at all, which does not fit into Piaget's framework, may be explained in terms of children's inability to distinguish clearly between time-related and time-unrelated cues and their assumption of direct relations between dimensions. Additivity of interference did not emerge, indicating that the previous finding which suggested its existence--distance plus speed interfering with duration comparisons more than speed alone--should be reassessed in terms of type of interfering cues, that is, distance interferes more than speed with time.     

足球运动员股四头肌肌粗值的测定

膝关节受伤以后,最早出现萎缩的肌肉是股四头肌内侧头。足球运动员膝关节伤病多,所以对其股四头肌肌粗值进行定量分析,具有实际意义。以体表形态数据建立数学模型,推导出股四头肌肌粗值,建立了统一的对比衡量标准。肌粗值的变化,首先是受髌骨上５ｃｍ 外缘腿围影响,其次是受髌中围的影响,相关程度分别为高度相关和低度相关,而肌粗值与髌骨上１０ｃｍ 外缘腿围间变化呈不相关。     

Environmental and Genetic Variance in Children's Observed and Reported Maladaptive Behavior

The genetic and environmental contributions to children's maladaptive behavior are assessed in a sample of 154 twin pairs (77 MZ twin pairs and 77 DZ twin pairs), who range in age from 6 to 11 years. To bridge the strengths of behavioral genetic methods and environmental assessment techniques, we use a multimethod, multimeasure approach to data collection, and analyze the data using behavioral genetic modeling techniques. Results indicate that genetic variation accounts for a majority of the variance in parent-reported child maladaptive behavior (average = 62%). One parent-report measure also suggests a smaller, significant contribution of shared environmental variance. In contrast to the parental ratings, the observational coding and global impressions of parent-twin interactive behavior suggest that shared environment is the primary source of variance accounting for parent and child maladaptive behavior. This is due, in part, to the direct influence one's interactive partner has on the expression of maladaptive behavior in an interactive setting. When controlling for the co-participant's behavior, genetic variation increases and shared environmental variation decreases.     

Andragogy: Origins,Developments and Trends

International Review of Education -     

Psychological counselling in the medical setting – some clinical examples given by patients with tinnitus and Ménière's disease

The implicit basis for most investigations of hearing disability and handicap seems to be that the loss of hearing or the impairment in itself gives rise to all the individual's problems. Prior to the consultation several important events take place; for example the individual's emotional interpretation of the symptom, causes and future perspective of the illness process. A vigilant or defensive response to the onset of Ménière's disease may lead to a complicated state of dysfunction and a hindrance for psychological adaptation. Focused interviews including patients with Ménière's disease showed that the memories of the first vertigo attack were so strong, that even when years had passed, the patients found it painful to talk about the traumatic event. This state of affairs is not uniqe for the hearing related disorder; someone who is suddenly being injured, or taken ill, often needs time and support to deal with the events taken place, and this way slowly regain the psychological strength it takes to go back to a relatively normal life. The specific problem that compells a person to consult a specialist for a distressing tinnitus might be a crushing anxiety; not over a feared physical disease, but over the risk of suffering a mental breakdown. Therefore, it is a necessity to comprehend tinnitus distress from a deeper psychological perspective, particularly in the therapeutic interaction with patients who have chronic, painful symptoms. A strictly medical model will neither help us move the patient in the direction of insight into his or her general state of mind and health, nor towards insight into the interplay between this state and the suffering.     

The association of childhood sexual abuse with depressive symptoms during pregnancy, and selected pregnancy outcomes.

OBJECTIVES: The objectives were: (1) to investigate the association during pregnancy of sexual abuse before the age of 18 on depressive symptomatology in pregnancy, controlling for the presence of negative life events and challenges; and (2) to investigate the association of selected pregnancy outcomes (maternal labor and delivery factors, infant birth weight and gestational age) with sexual abuse before age 18. METHODS: Three hundred fifty-seven primiparous women aged 18 years and older were interviewed between 28-32 weeks gestation with reference to current functioning and past history (Objective 1). Medical record information was abstracted after delivery for pregnancy, labor and delivery factors, and pregnancy outcomes (Objective 2). RESULTS: Thirty-seven percent of the women reported past sexual abuse. Prevalence was not associated with ethnic background, educational level, or hospital payment source. Previously sexually-abused pregnant women reported significantly higher levels of depressive symptomatology, negative life events, and physical and verbal abuse before and during pregnancy. There were no significant associations found between past sexual abuse and labor or delivery variables or newborn outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: Previously sexually-abused pregnant women reported a wider constellation of past and current functioning problems than nonabused women although past sexual abuse was not associated with pregnancy outcome. Prenatal care provides a unique opportunity to evaluate the impact of life history and current life events during pregnancy, and to develop a coordinated intervention plan.