加强学科建设 构建民族高等教育新优势

学科建设水平标志着大学的办学水平、办学特色和学术地位。新的历史条件下，民族高等学校要在竞争中立于不败之地，就必须抓好学科建设，构建新的办学优势。加强学科建设，必须方向明确，重点突出；充分发挥学科带头人的作用；正确处理教学与科研的关系。     

Young Children''s Understanding of the Role That Sensory Experiences Play in Knowledge Acquisition

3 studies investigated whether young children understand that the acquisition of certain types of knowledge depends on the modality of the sensory experience involved. 3-, 4-, and 5-year-old children were exposed to pairs of objects that either looked the same but felt different, or that felt the same but looked different. In Study 1, 36 children were asked to state, when one of these objects was hidden inside a toy tunnel, whether they would need to see the object or feel it in order to determine its identity. In Study 2, 48 children were asked to state which of 2 puppets knew that an object hidden inside a tunnel possessed a given visual or tactile property, when one puppet was looking at the object and the other was feeling it. In Study 3, 72 children were asked, in a scenario similar to Study 2, to state for each puppet whether he could tell, just by looking or by feeling, that the hidden object possessed a certain visual or tactile property. Children were also asked what was the best way to find out whether a given object possessed a certain visual or tactile property. Results of all 3 studies suggest that an appreciation of the different types of knowledge our senses can provide (i.e., modality-specific knowledge) develops between the ages of 3 and 5. The results are discussed in relation to young children's developing understanding of the role that informational access plays in knowledge acquisition.     

Inferring False Beliefs from Actions and Reactions

Current evidence suggests that young children have little understanding of false belief. Standard false belief tasks, however, may underestimate children's ability for 2 reasons. First, the only cue to belief in these tasks is a protagonist's lack of perceptual access to some critical event, and this may not be a very salient cue for young children. Second, the standard tasks require children to make forward-looking predictions from the causes of a belief (e.g., from what a protagonist has or has not perceived) to either the protagonist's belief or the protagonist's action, and children may not be very skilled at making such predictions. In 2 experiments we investigated whether 3-year-olds would do better on tasks in which the belief cues were stronger, and in which they could reason backward to the belief from its effects (e.g., from a protagonist's actions and reactions). Even on these easy tasks, however, they did not perform well. These findings provide strong support for the view that children of this age do not fully understand the representational nature of belief.     

Do young children think of television images as pictures or real objects?

Three studies investigated whether 3‐ and 4‐year‐olds interpret television images as mere pictorial representations of objects or as real, physically‐present objects. Four‐year‐olds gave clear evidence of making the former interpretation whereas 3‐year‐olds seemed to make the latter one. However, the data suggest that the younger children's errors reflect a failure to differentiate conceptually between television images and their referent objects rather than a conviction that real objects populate television sets.     

Intellectual realism: the role of children's interpretations of pictures and perceptual verbs

Intellectual realism refers to the tendency of young children to indicate incorrectly all that is present in an object array when asked to indicate only what they can see of it from a particular perspective. 3 experiments tested and confirmed the hypotheses that children's interpretation of (a) pictorial conventions and of (b) the expression "look like" may increase this tendency. The results of this and other studies suggest that young children's difficulties with adult pictorial conventions, with the wording of task instructions, and with the concept of a momentary, view-determined appearance can all lead to intellectual realism errors.     

Una comparación del control de comprensión en lectores más y menos competentes

RESUMEN

Los lectores poco competentes tienen dificultades para evaluar su propia comprensión. El propósito de este trabajo es intentar definir los factores que contribuyen a este pobre control de la comprensión comparando lectores competentes y menos competentes de grado medio, mediante una tarea de comprensión de historias inconsistentes a las que falta una parte. Los lectores menos competentes eran significativamente peores en la tarea de identificar cuál era la historia inconsistente, colocar la hoja que faltaba y arreglar la historia. Esto parece ser debido a una dificultad en la integración del material del texto. Sin embargo, no se encontraron diferencias significativas en el recuerdo de la información crucial.     

浅谈我校加强系统建设的几点做法

30年来,广播电视大学成功的经验之一就是拥有一个覆盖全国的强大网络系统。甘肃广播电视大学酒泉分校多年以来,从抓工作思路、站点建设、办学规模、队伍建设、基础建设、项目建设、教学质量、典型带动、情感交流和学习提高等十个方面入手,在系统建设方面取得了引人注目的成绩。