8. TELECOMMUNICATIONS AND INFORMATION

ON THE HISTORY OF FILM STYLE by David Bordwell (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1997‐$60.00/24.95, ISBN 0–674–63428–4 hard, 0–674–63429–2 paper, 322 pp., photographs, chapter notes, index)

MASKED MEN: MASCULINITY AND THE MOVIES IN THE FIFTIES by Steven Cohan (Bloomington: Indiana University Press “Arts and Politics of the Everyday,”; 1997‐$39.95/8.95, ISBN 0–253–33297–4 hard, 0–253–21127–1 paper, 376 pp., photographs, selected filmography, chapter notes, references, index)

THE EXPLODING EYE: A RE‐VISIONARY HISTORY OF 1960s AMERICAN EXPERIMENTAL CINEMA by Wheeler Winston Dixon (Albany: State University of New York Press “SUNY Series, Cultural Studies in Cinema/Video,”; 1997‐$57.50/18.95, ISBN 0–7914–3565–2 hard, 0–7914–3566–0 paper, 250 pp., photos, bibliography, index)

THE KING OF THE MOVIES: FILM PIONEER SIEGMUND LUBIN by Joseph P. Eckhardt (Madison, NJ: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, 1997‐$55.00, ISBN 0–8386–3728–0, 286 pp., B&;.W photos, notes, bibliography, index)

WITHIN OUR GATES: ETHNICITY IN AMERICAN FEATURE FILMS, 1911–1960: AMERICAN FILM INSTITUTE CATALOG edited by Alan Gevinson (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1997‐$150.00, ISBN 0–520–20964–833, 1571 pp., abbreviations list, indexes, bibliography)

FRAME BY FRAME II: A FILMOGRAPHY OF THE AFRICAN AMERICAN IMAGE, 1978–1994 by Phyllis R. Kotman and Gloria J. Gibson (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1997‐$49.95/29.95, ISBN 0–253–33280‐X hard, 0–253–21120–4 paper, 771 pp., bibliography, indexes)

FILMMAKERS AND FINANCING: BUSINESS PLANS FOR INDEPENDENTS by Louise Levison (Boston: Focal Press, 1998 [2nd ed.]‐$22.95, paper, ISBN 0–240–80300–0, 190 pp., tables, index)

FEMINISM, FILM, FASCISM: WOMEN'S AUTO/BIOGRAPHICAL FILM IN POSTWAR GERMANY by Susan E. Linville (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1998‐$30.00/14.95, ISBN 0–292–74696–2 hard, 0–292–74697–0 paper, 208 pp., photos, chapter notes, bibliography, index)

THE MOTION PICTURE MEGA‐INDUSTRY by Barry R. Litman (Boston: Allyn &; Bacon “Series in Mass Communication,”; 1998‐$24.00, paper, ISBN 0–205–20026–5, 321 pp., charts, tables, notes, references, index)

FROM HEADLINE HUNTER TO SUPERMAN: A JOURNALISM FIL‐MOGRAPHY by Richard R. Ness (Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press, 1997‐$89.50, ISBN 0–8108–3291–7, 787 pp., references, appendices, black‐and‐white photographs, index)

Chile v/s Hollywood / CHILE vs HOLLYWOOD by Daniel Olave (Santiago, Chile: Editorial Grijalbo, 1997‐no price available, ISBN 956–258–051–2, 208 pp., photographs)

TRIANGULATED VISIONS: WOMEN IN RECENT GERMAN CINEMA edited by Ingeborg Majer O'Sickey and Ingeborg von Zadow (Albany: State University of New York Press “SUNY Series in Feminist Criticism and Theory,”; and “SUNY Series, Cultural Studies in Cinema/Video,”; 1998‐$65.50/21.95, ISBN 0–7914–3717–5 hard, 0–7914–3718–3 paper, 290 pp., photos, chapter notes, index)

FILM AND THE NUCLEAR AGE: REPRESENTING CULTURAL ANXIETY by Toni A. Perrine (New York: Garland “Garland Studies in American Popular History and Culture,”; 1998‐$68.00, ISBN 0–8153–2932–6, 304 pp., index, bibliography, chronology, filmography)

CONTEMPORARY CINEMATOGRAPHERS ON THEIR ART by Pauline Rogers (Boston: Focal Press, 1998‐$19.95, paper, ISBN 0–240–80309–4, 223 pp.)

HOLLYWOOD'S WORLD WAR I: MOTION PICTURE IMAGES edited by Peter C. Rollins and John E. O'Connor (Bowling Green, OH: Bowling Green State University Popular Press, 1998‐$49.95/19.95, ISBN 0–87972–755–1 hard, 0–87972–756‐X paper, 304 pp., illustrations, notes, general index, film/TV index)

DOCUMENTING OURSELVES: FILM, VIDEO, AND CULTURE by Sharon R. Sherman (Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1998‐$22.95, paper, ISBN 0–8131–0934–5, 336 pp., photographs, filmography, chapter notes, references, index)

JAMES WILLIAMSON: STUDIES AND DOCUMENTS OF A PIONEER IN THE FILM NARRATIVE by Martin Sopocy (Cranbury, NJ: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, 1998‐$52.50, ISBN 0–8386–3716–7, 337 pp., photographs, chapter notes, bibliography, index)

HISTORY BY HOLLYWOOD: THE USE AND ABUSE OF THE AMERICAN PAST by Robert Brent Toplin (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1996— 288 pp., $36.95/16.95, ISBN 0–252–02073–1, 0–252–06536–0 paper, photos, chapter notes, selected bibliography, index)     

Evaluating Environmental Knowledge Dimension Convergence to Assess Educational Programme Effectiveness

One aim of environmental education is fostering sustainable environmental action. Some environmental behaviour models suggest that this can be accomplished in part by improving people's knowledge. Recent studies have identified a distinct, psychometrically supported environmental knowledge structure consisting of system, action-related and effectiveness knowledge. Besides system knowledge, which is most often the focus of such studies, incorporating the other knowledge dimensions into these dimensions was suggested to enhance effectiveness. Our study is among the first to implement these dimensions together in an educational campaign and to use these dimensions to evaluate the effectiveness of a programme on water issues. We designed a four-day environmental education programme on water issues for students at an educational field centre. We applied a newly developed multiple-choice instrument using a pre-, post-, retention test design. The knowledge scales were calibrated with the Rasch model. In addition to the commonly assessed individual change in knowledge level, we also measured the change in knowledge convergence, the extent to which the knowledge dimensions merge as a person's environmental knowledge increases, as an innovative indicator of educational success. Following programme participation, students significantly improved in terms of amount learned in each knowledge dimension and in terms of integration of the knowledge dimensions. The effectiveness knowledge shows the least gain, persistence and convergence, which we explain by considering the dependence of the knowledge dimensions on each other. Finally, we discuss emerging challenges for educational researchers and practical implications for environmental educators.     

Leadership: A Supercomplex Phenomenon

Treating leadership as a supercomplex phenomenon and relating leadership research to the philosophical disciplines is a way to begin to understand its enigmatic and fluid nature. Its theories are living theories that change in an ever-dynamic world. Leadership is a phenomenon embedded in experience. This article examines leadership against the backdrop of the disciplines of philosophy (ontology, epistemology, politics, axiology and ethics, and aesthetics) with particular emphasis on phenomenology. I suggest that leaders and followers understand and filter subjective experiences through self-reflection until self-awareness is achieved in the moment by pausing and filtering subjective experiences before responding to people and situations. As a consequence, our intentions can be ethically focused, politically mitigated, and directed appropriately. Additionally, inappropriate intentions can be assuaged if the leader is self-aware and present in the moment.     

Effects of Direct and Indirect Instruction on Fostering Decision-Making Competence in Socioscientific Issues

In this study the effects of different learning environments on the promotion of decision-making competence for the socioscientific issue of genetically modified crops is investigated. The comparison focuses on direct vs. indirect instructions. Therefore on the one hand a sophisticated decision-making strategy was presented to the directly instructed experimental group (1) and had to be applied correctly. On the other hand indirectly instructed students had to invent an appropriate strategy by themselves (2) based on the given information and the structure of the problem context. Group discussions are analysed qualitatively in order (1) to outline how the given strategy was understood and its results were reflected on by the students and (2) to explore the characteristics of invented strategies and their degree of complexity. Results indicate that the direct instruction of complex decision-making strategies may lead to a lack of understanding of the decision process when the given strategy is applied and therefore may cause rejection of the final decision. Indirectly instructed students were able to invent sophisticated decision-making strategies containing compensatory trade-offs. It is concluded that when directly instructing complex decision-making strategies, essential parts of reflection have to be integrated in order to gain greater transparency. Accordingly, empirical evidence has been found to consider indirect instruction as a possible way to foster decision-making strategies for complex socioscientific issues even if compensatory procedures are considered to be necessary.     

Projecting images of the ‘good’ and the ‘bad school’: top scorers in educational large-scale assessments as reference societies

Researchers interested in the global flow of educational ideas and programmes have long been interested in the role of so-called ‘reference societies’. The article investigates how top scorers in large-scale assessments are framed as positive or negative reference societies in the education policy-making debate in German mass media and which functions they fulfil. Top scores in large-scale assessments do not automatically promote a country to the status of a positive reference society. Whether top scorers are perceived as positive or as negative reference societies depends largely on stereotyped prior perceptions that determine how success in these assessments is framed. Among the functions positive and negative reference societies fulfil are making educational reform agendas more plausible and serving as projection screens for conceptions of the ‘good’ and the ‘bad’ school.     

X-ray computed tomography for non-destructive analysis of early Medieval swords

The analysis of early Medieval swords is of great significance due to the eminent position of the find category in the study of the early Medieval period. X-ray computed tomography is a non-destructive analytical method permitting the collection of data that otherwise could only be gathered with considerable effort and much damage to the object. Beyond the usual morphological and dimensional parameters, the method allows for the fast and accurate gathering of knowledge about the construction and manufacturing processes of sword blades and can also be applied to block-lifted swords. Preservation condition and related artifacts caused by beam hardening may be limiting factors; however, in most instances interpretation of the data remains possible.     

State programs for medical diagnosis of child abuse and neglect: case studies of five established or fledgling programs

OBJECTIVE: To describe the programs for medical diagnosis of child abuse and neglect in three states and efforts to establish state-wide programs in two states. To describe common themes and issues that emerged related to the establishment and maintenance of these programs. METHODS: Five states were selected as case studies to represent a range of experience and type of function embodied in programs that address medical diagnosis of child abuse and neglect. Individuals knowledgeable about the programs or efforts to establish state-wide programs in their home states described these in detail. Inductive analysis was used to identify themes and issues that emerged across the states studied. FINDINGS: Themes emerged in three general areas: funding, services, and training. Findings related to funding were: 1) State funding was vital for initiation of statewide programs; 2) Alliances with other groups with parallel interests were successfully used to garner support for child abuse programs; 3) Services needed to be adequately reimbursed to be sustained; 4) Political climate often affected funding. With regard to services we found: 1) There was no optimal way to organize services, but rather many ways that worked well; 2) It was critical to address local service needs; 3) Provision of standardized quality services was essential. With regard to training: 1) Professional training was an integral part of all statewide programs; 2) New technologies, including televideo, have been explored and implemented to assist in training in statewide programs. CONCLUSIONS: Each state has taken a unique approach to programs for the medical diagnosis of child abuse and neglect. However, there are commonalities, particularly among the states that have been successful in establishing and maintaining comprehensive services and/or training.     

Correction to: Fostering integrated mental models of different professional knowledge domains: instructional approaches and model-based analyses

Educational technology research and development - A correction to this paper has been published: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11423-021-09971-w     

What Happens to Policies When Assuming Institutions? A Short Story About Romania’s Never-Ending Educational Reform

Over the past decades, educational reform has been one of the centerpieces of transition in Central and Eastern Europe. A huge degree of variability among countries exists, from sudden liberalization to securing the status quo previous to revolutionary political change. Reforms have ranged from institutional to instrumental changes. We argue that policies may lead to undesirable outcomes, when they assume a certain institutional framework. We then describe the evolution of Romania’s educational system, focusing on a case study of an implemented large-scale policy program: the Rural Education Project for Romania. We thus argue that by assuming institutional change such attempts are bound to fail because the existing status quo adapts actions to existing practices, thus leading to unexpected outcomes.     

不同患者群体容量反应性变量参数应用的强制性标准:重症监护病人窦性节律和控制呼吸流行情况的前瞻性研究（英文）

目的:通过对危重病人在入院后24小时内和整个重症监护过程中窦性心律和控制呼吸情况的调查,分析每搏量变异在评估危重病人容量反应的适用性,并探究每搏量变异度在败血症、肝硬化和胰腺炎病人中的适用性。创新点:通过探究窦性节律和控制呼吸情况评估每搏量变异度在重症监护病人临床上的适用性,弥补重症监护病人窦性节律和控制呼吸情况数据的空白。方法:在进行1241次热稀释法血流量测量前,对88位病人的窦性节律和控制呼吸情况进行调查。结论:每搏量变异度在主要的医疗重症监护病房中的适用性只约为25%~35%。两项强制性指标的流行性在重症监护病房的情况随时间的延长而降低。此外,每搏量变异度在胰腺炎和肝功能衰竭患者中的适用性尤其低。