运动损伤的心理学

1　根据你们的经验和现有的科学资料信息 ,是否存在与运动损伤有关的重要心理因素或性格类型 ?Gould博士 :很少发现运动员的个性特点与运动损伤的发生有关。然而 ,已经证明心理压力的存在可预示运动损伤发生的增加。从一些生活中的较大事情 (比如失去亲人等 ) ,以及日常小事的争吵中形成的压力 ,与运动损伤风险的增加有关。当然 ,一般情况下 ,心理因素本身并不引起损伤。而当其它不利的身体条件 ,比如肌肉协调性下降 ,或当运动员处在很可能受伤的情况下 ,心理因素就会增加运动损伤的风险。人们认为 ,压力增大运动损伤的风险性 ,是因为压力…     

Using propositions from clinical interviews as variables to compare student knowledge

During the past several years interest in using clinical interviews to assess students conceptual knowledge has increased. However, using clinical interviews when research questions require quantitative comparisons has been difficult. The central difficulty is to construct variables that can be used to quantify and statistically compare the results of interviews while maintaining exactly what student conceptions are associated with each variable. The purpose of this article is to present a technique for constructing variables that overcomes this difficulty. The technique involves the representation of each proposition a student uses in terms of a standard set of underlying predicates, concepts, and relationships among concepts. Each proposition represented in these standard terms can be used as a variable to quantitatively compare the knowledge of students as expressed in clinical interviews.