中、意地掷球比赛技术分析

地掷球运动在欧美各国开展已有上百年的历史,争夺世界地掷球赛的桂冠一直在欧美队之间进行,1992年中国队一举夺得首届世界杯冠军,打破了这一格局震惊了国际地坛。本文通过对中、意两队冠军之战的技术比较与分析,找出各自的技术优劣所在,以便为今后提高我国地掷球技术水平提供参考依据。     

中日大学生体力健康认知态度等比较研究

采用测试与问卷调查相结合的方法,对中国与日本大学生的体力及体力健康认知态度等现状,进行对比分析。结果发现,在体力方面,日本大学生优于中国;在体力健康认知态度上,两国大学生各有差异。     

北魏建都平城之我见

北魏政权之所以在398年定都平城,是诸多因素决定的。既有历史的原因,也有政治、经济和文化方面的原因,更有自然地理环境的影响,是多方面权衡利弊后的明智选择。     

对我国高校健美运动的发展研究

我国健美运动蓬勃发展了20多年,但在高校只有少数学校开展了这项运动,多数学校仍是一块空白。通过对我国高校大学生参加健美运动的动机、影响大学生参加健美运动的主要因素进行分析,旨在为高校开展健美运动出谋划策,以促进我国高校健美运动的快速发展。     

Enhancing students’ mathematical reasoning in the classroom: teacher actions facilitating generalization and justification

A proof is a connected sequence of assertions that includes a set of accepted statements, forms of reasoning and modes of representing arguments. Assuming reasoning to be central to proving and aiming to develop knowledge about how teacher actions may promote students’ mathematical reasoning, we conduct design research where whole-class mathematical discussions triggered by exploratory tasks play a key role. We take mathematical reasoning as making justified inferences and we consider generalizing and justifying central reasoning processes. Regarding teacher actions, we consider inviting, informing/suggesting, supporting/guiding and challenging actions can be identified in whole-class discussions. This paper presents design principles for an intervention geared to tackle such reasoning processes and focuses on a whole-class discussion on a grade 7 lesson about linear equations and functions. Data analysis concerns teacher actions in relation to design principles and to the sought mathematical reasoning processes. The conclusions highlight teacher actions that lead students to generalize and justify. Generalizations may arise from a central challenging action or from several guiding actions. Regarding justifications, a main challenging action seems to be essential, while follow-up guiding actions may promote a further development of this reasoning process. Thus, this paper provides a set of design principles and a characterization of teacher actions which enhance students’ mathematical reasoning processes such as generalization and justification.     

Changing classroom culture,curricula, and instruction for proof and proving: how amenable to scaling up,practicable for curricular integration,and capable of producing long-lasting effects are current interventions?

This paper is a commentary on the classroom interventions on the teaching and learning of proof reported in the seven empirical papers in this special issue. The seven papers show potential to enhance student learning in an area of mathematics that is not only notoriously difficult for students to learn and for teachers to teach, but also critically important to knowing and doing mathematics. Although the seven papers, and the intervention studies they report, vary in many ways—student population, content domain, goals and duration of the intervention, and theoretical perspectives, to name a few—they all provide valuable insight into ways in which classroom experiences might be designed to positively influence students’ learning to prove. In our commentary, we highlight the contributions and promise of the interventions in terms of whether and how they present capacity to change the classroom culture, the curriculum, or instruction. In doing so, we distinguish between works that aim to enhance students’ preparedness for, and competence in, proof and proving and works that explicitly foster appreciation for the need and importance of proof and proving. Finally, we also discuss briefly the interventions along three dimensions: how amenable to scaling up, how practicable for curricular integration, and how capable of producing long-lasting effects these interventions are.     

Teaching multidigit multiplication: combining multiple frameworks to analyse a class episode

This paper provides an analysis of a teaching episode of the multidigit algorithm for multiplication, with a focus on the influence of the teacher’s mathematical knowledge on their teaching. The theoretical framework uses Mathematical Knowledge for Teaching, mathematical pertinence of the teacher and structuration of the milieu in a descending and ascending a priori analysis and an a posteriori analysis. This analysis shows a development of different didactical situations and some links between mathematical knowledge and pertinence. In the conclusion, the contribution of the frameworks from both French and Anglo-American origins is briefly addressed.     

The perceived impact of external evaluation: the system,organisation and individual levels—Estonian case

The purpose of this article is to provide an overview of how the employees of higher education institutions perceive the impact of external evaluations. The study was conducted using the concurrent mixed method and involved 361 employees from Estonian universities and professional higher education institutions. The results indicated that evaluation is mostly deemed necessary at the levels of the organisation and the system; from the personal viewpoint of an employee, positive effects of external evaluations are perceived to a lesser degree. The negative influences mentioned were increased bureaucracy, extra work and stress. Top managers of institutions most often saw the positive influences from external evaluations since they help to implement reorganisations and development activities within an organisation. Managers perceived the positive effects of external evaluations on their everyday work as well, more than other employees did. Researchers felt the positive effects of external evaluations least. Nearly a quarter of all employees of higher education institutions do not perceive the effects of external evaluations on their everyday work at all. Employees of professional higher education institutions perceive the positive effects of external evaluations to a greater extent than employees of universities do, indicating that external evaluation has contributed to the development of their organisations. The differences in opinions of the employees of higher education institutions regarding perceived positive and negative impacts of external evaluations—whether on individual, organisation or system points of view—indicate that employees do not identify closely enough with the organisation and its strategic goals.